Preservation And Conservation Of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan's Tomb In Lahore Is An Essay.

Preservation is the activity of rationing something specifically, Safeguarding, security or rebuilding of the indigenous habitat, characteristic eco-framework, vegetation and life style. Conserving and protecting the legacy of our verifiable ownership in its perfect and unique shape, so it keeps on depicting its unique excellence, unmistakable character, interesting style or utilize or relationship with a particular chronicled identity or event. In the Mughal Empire, Ali Mardan Khan had a higher authority under Shah Jahan. He had a natural introduction to a family of Kurdish and had served as a head of legislation of Kandahar under the Safavid dynasty of Persia. In the year 1657, when he had passed on, he had been covered adjacent to his mother in the tomb which had an arrangement for her by the Mughalpura Channel. The tomb in the initial stages had a seating in the middle of a huge garden which has survived until today as an expansive portal. The tomb has an arrangement of sitting within the limits of an edge of a railway yard and the power have an assembling which a kilometer away from the road. It has the aim of keeping the guests away from unnecessary trespassing on the grounds of the rail yard.

The monument of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan’s tomb is about 360 years old. Several times, since its construction, it has gone through a few petty and repairs work, though never any comprehensive conservation plan has either been prepared.

This report is centered around the study and investigation of the current state of structure of working of this critical memorable landmark, the 'Tomb of Ali Mardan khan', arranged at Singh Pura, Lahore. The point of the Study is to distinguish the reasons for rot and crumbling of the working through a nitty gritty visual examination and propose preservation measures for the better up keep and support of landmark to save it for future eras. As per an examination of the building, it has been demonstrated that no single cause occurs in the charge of the rot and disintegration of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan's tomb. It has been found that there are number of inborn (inward) and also extraneous (outside) causes in charge of rot of the memorable landmark.

The conservation of the heritage of our culture is a responsibility to be shared both nationally and internationally. There must be knowledge of the advancement in the ways of conservation for the preference of the ancient and historical monuments. The works of conservation done in Pakistan lacks in the detailed study procedures and planning of conservation. There are a wide range of the buildings which are historical in Lahore, the walled city. They are deserted and neglected which requires extensive care to help them from vanishing away with the passage of time.

Introduction To The Report

This report is centered around the study and examination of the current state of structure of working of this essential memorable landmark, the 'Tomb of Ali Mardan khan', arranged at Singh Pura, Lahore. The point of the Study is to recognize the reasons for rot and crumbling of the working through a nitty gritty visual examination and propose protection measures for the better up keep and upkeep of landmark to safeguard it for future eras. Furthermore, studies and investigations about the building have explained that there are a variety of reasons for the charges on crumbling and rot of the tomb of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan.  It has been found that there are number of natural (inner) and extraneous (outside) causes in charge of rot of the notable landmark.

This living heritage also has symbolic relationship with the natural environments within which it originally evolved. Thus it should be revived in its best possible original form and should be kept that way.

Likely Benefits Of The Project:

This research would be an important step towards preserving the whole of the tomb. Although there are some conservational and historical surveys done earlier but a lot of work is still to be done in this context.

Objectives Of The Project:

The objectives of the project is to

• Study of construction materials used and causes of deterioration due to extreme Environmental factors,

• To study Human Vandalism, properties & methodology of materials and Natural factors affecting the tomb.

Objective Of The Work Carried Out:

On the exposure to the antagonistic environments, every materials used in the construction of the ancient buildings have to go through the process called deterioration. There are a number of factors that influence the symptoms and movement of such processes which include the natural factors, activities of humans and the properties of the materials. These factors have an action either on a separate or in a wide variety of combinations. The act of conservation has a reference to the measures in a systematic manner which is taken to keep the monuments in a better condition.   

The ancient monument of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan’s tomb is about 360 years old. Several times, since its construction, it has gone through a few petty and repairs work, though never any comprehensive conservation plan has either been prepared.

This report has a focus on the examination and assessment of the current situation of the building structure of the important monument of history i.e. being situated at Singh Pura, Lahore, the ‘Tomb of Ali Mardan khan’. The goal of the examination is the identification of the reasons for the deterioration and decaying of the building through a thorough discussion and examination and proposing conservation measures for the better up keep and maintenance of monument to preserve it for future generations. A detailed analysis of building showed that there is not just a single reason for the decay and corrosion of the tomb of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan. There were a number of internal and external causes which were the reason behind the corrosion and weakening of the historical monument.

Project Justification:

Location

To discover the tomb of Ali Mardan Khan, which on voyaging east on the G.T. Street, one ought to take a right or turn towards the south on Mughal pura road (in the past Wheat man) Road or Vet-man Road which is called privately. As one approaches towards the railroad tracks, one have to keep a position for a tiny sign Board by division to their right side. Instantly after the sign board is a little entryway (in the blink of an eye painted green) for person on foot passage. The door is typically bolted and is open just on Thursdays. Despite the fact that on different weekday, on the off chance that one wishes to visit this surprising Mughal landmark, which is fitting to contact the Archeological Department, so that the noteworthy monitor has been told to open the same. This comprehensive course of action is because of the encompassing region, which falls under the purview of Pakistan Railways, and who has permitted by the Archeological Department a walkway that is encased for the accessibility to the tomb. One needs to set up for a 300 meter leisurely walk on the bare earth and mostly floor in blocks, through the limited walkway, diminished by an interesting example of light and gloominess straightening out on the encasing uncovered block dividers through a steel cross section rooftop. Shockingly, this entangled game plan is not for the protection of the tomb, but rather for the guaranteed disconnection to the expensive railroad supplies of the Railway Carriage Workshop on bordering land. To come to the memorable Mughal catacomb, you should proceed on the first walkway, which drives you specifically to a door past which, in an expansive, secluded walled in area stands the forcing Ali Mardan Khan tomb.

One of the most important and integral element in all the stages of the rule of Muslims and in the sub-continent, was the Sepulchral architecture. Tombs were the best and most distinguishing examples of the Mughal architecture, which still remains intact. The Taj Mahal is one of the examples which are also known as the white-marble beauty. However, as has been extensively discussed by various scholars, the sepulchral architecture of India had an inherent set of features and uniqueness which had been adhered to by every builders and architects and had carried a set of their own definitions and meanings.

Concept Of Maqbara 

Maqbara, the word has a usage for both the mausoleum and graveyard, even though qabristan can be also used for the later term. The qabr might have significance towards the monumental tomb and especially for the simple varieties besides the grave. The term dargah has a special use for the shrine, tombs of a pir and there may also be associated buildings like mihman-khana, etc. the tomb of a shrine is generally known as a ziyarat in Kashmir. Mazar can also be used to represent the smaller shrines in the wayside. The term rauza also has a usage for the tomb of the monuments falling within the enclosure and not importantly of a pir (John Burton-Page, Indian Islamic Architecture).

Likely Benefits Of The Project:

History

There has been no study of the typology of gravestones (i.e. the stone or brick structures above ground level, the taweez) in India as a whole, although many types with regional variation can be recognized. Usually, on a man’s tomb, above the (commonly) three diminishing rectangular slabs, a top member is placed “resembling the hump on a camel’s back, or the back of a fish”. The tombs of women are generally flat above the diminishing rectangular slabs, and more frequently in North India than in the Deccan may display a flat takhti, in form like a child’s slate, where those of men have the qalamdan (the explanation commonly given is that only males are literate and so can carry a pencase, whereas women have to have everything written for them!); in South India in particular a woman’s tomb may have instead a basin-like hollow on the upper surface. The woman’s tomb, given the same date and provenance, is lower than the man’s. In the case of the larger mausoleums, this applies to the cenotaph taweez as much as to the taweez of the actual grave. There may be, in both men’s and women’s tombs, a mere stepped surround with the internal rectangular space filled with earth (e.g. grave of Aurangzeb at Khuldabad) or grass (e.g. grave of Jahanara Begum, daughter of Shahjahan), where however the surround and the enclosure are of white marble and there is an inscribed marble headstone). This is much approved by the pious, but leads to quick decay of the structure if the grave is not attended.

Caskets

In other places, the “casket” tomb style is favored, at least for the additional dignified personages, in which a chamber with rectangular and vertical sides, about a cubit (ancient unit of linear measure, equal to about 17 to 22 inches) tall, augments from the bottom and is restricted by the lower thinning rectangular blocks ended smooth in the case of women, vaulted or triangular in cross-section for the man. They might contain in accumulation, cylindrical corner stone’s with perpendicular ribbing and a number of two or three cross-moldings. In the most distinctive style one, two or three retreating rectangular void “caskets” are overlaid and are restricted by a final slab set perpendicularly on the boundary. There must be an addition of a cylindrical boss at the top in the case of men. They are luxuriously impressed, either with patterns of geometrical figures, flowers, swords, bows, whorls, mihrab-like blind arches, and even the figure of a spear carrying horseman, sometimes to be led by an assistant.

Objectives Of The Project:

Square- Chambered Tombs:

Masonry mausoleum’s preponderant form is that of a chamber in square, which is surmounting by a dome. The form which is octagonal in shape is also renowned and known from the 14th century. The tomb of Nasir al-Din Mahmud (“Sultan Ghari”) at Delhi, one of the earliest historic tombs has an accommodation of a vaulted sepulchral chamber, which is octagonal in shape. At times, when a tomb gets greater prominence by getting raised on a pedestal, the sepulchral chamber might be positioned at soil level in a tahkhana, with a commemorative taweez straight away above it on a higher floor. This was primarily the characteristic of tombs put together for women of royal family as can be observed in the tomb of Nur Jahan as well as the Taj Mahal at Agra (Dr. Chughtai’s Tareekh Amakan-e-Lahore). They may in addition integrate autonomous symmetrically disposed minarets, and might locate within a recognized garden.

The monument of Ali Mardan Khan is thus, a feminine tomb in essence, which was built primarily for his mother. However, later upon his death the Mughal governor was buried beside her. The tomb is a gigantic creation with bricks, octagonal in arrangement, with an elevated dome and kiosks on sharp points, standing in all its majesty atop an eight-sided podium. Of all the eight coverings of the tomb; five of the same have fallen victim to the devastation of time and only three stays behind. The sepulcher has been devoid of any safeguarding work for the preceding decade and desires instant awareness of the authorities.

Nawab Ali Mardan Khan

ALI-MARDAN KHAN (d. Lahore, 1657), had been an administrator and leader of the military under the kings of Safavid i.e. Shah Safi and Shah Abbas I and later on the ruler of the Mughals, Shah Jahan. Ganj-Ali Khan (d. 1624), the son of the official of Safavid, was an administrator of Kandahar and the one who had given up the city to the Mughals in 1638. He was an imperative supporter of various construction schemes in Kandahar and Lahore.

Ganj Ali Khan, Ali-Mardan Khan’s father, was a leader and the governor of military of Kerman, Kandahar and Sistan, under Shah Abbas I. He was detained in great respect by the Shah, who confers him with the designation of Baba (‘father’) and controlled him to be inherent in Kandahar, a site of planned significance to mutually the Safavids and the Mughals. Subsequently, Ganj Ali Khan had a ruling above the Kandahar for six years in range previous to his demise in 1624. The particulars of Ali Mardan Khan’s premature years lingers behind ambiguous, but his name actually primarily emerged in the chronicles of Safavid after Shah Abbas selected him to the governorships formerly seized by his father and privileged him with the title of Baba-ye Sani (‘the second father’) in the year 1624. Ali-Mardan Khan had a governance of the provinces beneath his power from Kandahar; however in 1625 Tahmasp-Qoli Khan was selected as the regulator of Kerman to keep away from any disruption in the dealings.

Objective Of The Work Carried Out:

Tahmasp-Qoli Khan was a soaring representative in the Mughal Empire underneath Shah Jahan. He was born into a Kurdish family and served up as superintendent of Kandahar under Persia’s Safavid dynasty. He became a secure close friend of Shah Abbas. After the death of Shah in the year 1629, he became apprehensive for his existence as the Shah’s descendant Shah Safi (Sam Mirza) eliminated courtiers who had been trustworthy to his grandfather. In the year 1637, Ali Mardan Khan had offered to admit defeat and surrender Kandahar to the Mughal Empire in replacement, for his wellbeing. Shah Jahan approved the offer, almost certainly with a little enthusiasm as Kandahar had remained under the management of the Mughals during the reign of Shah Jahan’s father, Jahangir.

He was formerly an Ameer of shah tahmaso of Persia, being disgusted with the shah he surrendered Kandahar to Shah Jahan in A.D 1637 and joined the Mughal court of Lahore. He was made the governor of Kashmir in 1639 A.D and later the viceroy of Punjab. He rose to the rank of Amir Ul Umra in 1642 A.D. and was so favorite to Shah Jahan that the emperor called him “YAR WAFADAR” (the faithful friend). He showed great skills and judgment in the execution of public workings, principally the canals. Among other works to his credit, he brought a canal (SHAH NAHAR) from Rajpur present Madhupur at the Ravi, a distance of over one hundred miles to irrigate the Shalimar garden.

The Surrender Of Safavid Kandahar To The Mughals

The name of Ali-Mardan Khan appears all over again in the chronicles of Safavid and Mughal once he handed over the provinces under his charge, together with the city of Kandahar, to Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor in the year 1638.  This was an incident of immense disagreement and has been tinted in the chronicles of Safavid and Mughal in diverse behavior. As may possibly be predictable, the historians of Safavid predestined the occurrence, while Mughal historians highly praised it. These changeable records grant dissimilar clarifications of the source as well as the consequences of Ali-Mardan Khan’s contentious events.

In spite of, an instantly recognizable string that goes through most chronicled records is Ali-Mardan Khan's doubt that Shah Safi planned to put him to death. Given the familiar part of Ganj-Ali Khan's relations as standard-positioning and faithful information of the Safavid management, and taking into consideration the way that Ali-Mardan Khan gave over Kandahar nine years after the promotion of Shah Safi to the privileged position devoid of previously hinting at inclination toward the Mughals, thus all the above is accountable for a feasible explanation. Ali-Mardan Khan even précised his knowledge as a steadfast hireling to the Safavid rulers when he was about to join the court of court. His feelings of trepidation likewise appear to be very much established in the light of Shah Safi's frequently inconsistent performance (he was given towards drinking, was supposedly dependent on opium, and was famous for his blood desire), which had prompted until the very end or vanishing of about every central priest, conspicuous commanders, and governors, and in addition some of his own relatives. The surrender of Kandahar happened taking after a progression of trades between Ali-Mardan Khan and the court of Mughal. In the month of March and year 1632 Ali-Mardan Khan had sent a communication through letter to Shah Jahan, in which he explained his terror for his own particular existence and in addition, his attachment to the Mughal crown and his desire to admit defeat to the stronghold of Kandahar to the human resources of the Mughal leader. It was in this year that Shah Jahan chose to recuperate Kandahar from his Safavid counterpart. He hence requested Sa`id Khan, the legislative leader of Kabul, to send a trustworthy representative to Kandahar, so as to persuade Ali-Mardan Khan to connect the Mughal reason and in adding up to charge the state of Kandahar's castle and military preparations if there should be an occasion of a credible encounter. Ali-Mardan Khan got the envoy affectionately and guaranteed to act in response later. A note was later on sent to Sa`id Khan, in which Ali-Mardan Khan actually suggested that if there should be an occurrence of a Persian progress on Kandahar, he would express the fortification to Sa`id Khan, with the intention of the last would rush rapidly to his direction. However regardless he appeared to be keen on staying on the side of the Persians, given the way that subsequent to the Mughal equipped force postponed the military combat to the next year, Ali-Mardan Khan poised a letter to Shah Safi and well-informed him of the probability of a military crusade in opposition to Kandahar by the Mughal armed strength and demanded assistance. In the meantime, he carried on a concentrated development arrange buttressing the strongholds of Kandahar throughout forty days. Shah Safi did not consider the hazard important and rather turned out to be significantly more suspicious of Ali-Mardan Khan after catching wind of the new stronghold developments in Kandahar. Shah called for Ali Beg, Ali-Mardan Khan's eldest child, to the court and coordinated his president, Siavoš Qollar Agasi, to walk toward Kandahar with a specific end goal to confine or slaughter Ali-Mardan Khan while claiming to hurry to his assistance. When he got skilled about the arrangements of Shah, he composed three letters, all requesting walls, to the representatives of Shah Jahan, including Sa`id Khan and the committee of nearby territories of Ghazni and Multan. He similarly composed a fourth note to the imperial court of the Mughals. In consistence with historical assertions, four disconnections were sent off to Kandahar. On the landing of the prime representative, that of Ghazni, on awwal 1047/9 March 1638, Ali-Mardan Khan requested a formal intercessory petition, known as khotba to be presented to give honor to Shah Jahan and the close denomination to be decked out with the impression of his name. Sa`id Khan was told by Shah Jahan to give Ali-Mardan Khan 100,000 rupees as a reward, and to accompany him and his wards to Kabul and from that spot to Lahore, whereas the Mughal powers projected struggles with troops of Safavid. Through one of his positioning administrators known as mansabdars, Shah Jahan also sent an illustrious request known as farman together with precious presents to Ali-Mardan Khan. Ali-Mardan Khan was not only treated warmly and deferentially by Shah Jahan, but on the other hand was given an indispensable component in the managerial, political, and military activities of the Mughal realm, in the long run being cherished with the most remarkable plausible positioning in the court of Mughals. Almost immediately after he joined the Mughal court, in the middle of the celebration of Nowruz hung on Du'l-qa`da 1047/19 March 1638, he was presented and a rank or mansab of 5,000 or of 6000. Thanks to such progression connected by limitless illustrious supports on each circumstances, Ali-Mardan Khan rose to the most significant rank in the sequence of authority of Mughal aristocrats, in particular a status of 7,000 dat or infantry and 7,000 sowar or mounted force with 5,000 of the last being of the evaluation of do-aspa and se-aspa with his annual remuneration adding up to 30 lakhs and every lakh had a proportionate value to 100, 00 rupees. He got his last advancement on 24 hawwal 1052/15 January 1643. At this occasion he was likewise renowned with the title of Amir al-Omara which means ('ruler above all the rulers'). Ali-Mardan Khan was an honorable ruler and profoundly supported by Shah Jahan. Five events have been documented when the ruler observed him on a visit to his residence. On one incident, when the ruler was going through Kabul on his move toward Balkh, he dwelled in Ali-Mardan Khan's chateau on 28 Rabi` II 1056/1636 and remained there awaiting the center of the next month as the well-known arrangements of Kabul were not yet completed. On 22 Rajab 1048/29 November 1638, Shah Jahan elected Ali-Mardan Khan as the governmental leader of the heavenly territory of Kashmir, for he was familiar to the environment of Iran and the leader did not required him to understand the ill effects of the radiating warmness of Hindustan. Sooner than long, Ali-Mardan Khan was furthermore contributed with the broader association of Punjab, authorizing him to get ahead of both summer and winter in faultless straightforwardness by altering his house. Be that as it may, he was later on named to a more crucial post as the legislative leader of Kabul, which he controlled until his death. Kabul was the most isolated general focus of the northwestern regions of the Mughal Empire and as a result had a vital part in transmitting partitions and preparations for hostilities with the two long-lasting foes of the Mughal Empire, the Uzbek tribes and the Safavids, which were attempted either for defensive rationale or for provincial extension. Consequently, Ali1-Mardan Khan had to spend the rest of the years of his existence as a fundamental general, particularly in wars against the Uzbeks. In the month of December and year 1649, the area of Kashmir was presented on Ali-Mardan Khan as his jagir i.e. income delivering land doled out for compensation. In the middle of the year of 1657, Ali-Mardan Khan was burdened by an extreme sickness taking after a virulent disease in the Subcontinent and had demise in the same year.11He kicked the bucket at machhiwara on his approach to Kashmir in1067 A.D. His body was taken back to Lahore by his child Ebrahim Khan and was enclosed in the tomb of Ali-Mardan Khan's mother. The plant lamentably has now completely vanished except for entryway (66'x51') which single-handedly can give a reflection of the fabulousness of enameled surface and the mosaic work and its sophisticated examples with which the whole landmark was formerly festooned.

Location

Patronage Of Architecture

Above and beyond the political history, the name of Ali-Mardan Khan is nearly associated with the expansion of a few structures. In the territory of Kerman, the name of Ali-Mardan Khan is engraved in the reservoir of the Ganj-Ali Khan complex. He has in addition been certified with working of Bagh - e Nazar in Kandahar, secured by two of his dad's courtyard nurseries, to be specific, Abbas Abad and Ganjabad. During his dictatorship, he reestablished the old fortresses of Kandahar and recognized an additional placement on the summit of the Mount Laka, which controlled the exterior iron grip of the city. His most unambiguous work, be that as it may, is a ditch which conveyed water from the Ravi River to suburbia of old Lahore, adding up to the growth of the most perceptible garden of Mughal history, the Shalimar Garden of Lahore. As Catherine B. Asher notes:

In Mughal times, it was on the city's outskirts, though now it is well within modern Lahore. Modeled generally on Shah Jahan's Kashmir Shalimar, it is a large terraced garden, though not situated on a river bank; instead, its water supply derived from a great canal that originated considerably north of Lahore and brought water to this Mughal city. In 1641, Khalil Allah Khan was ordered to commence the garden. A year and a half later it was completed at considerable expense by the great Mughal engineers Ali Mardan Khan and Mulla Alam Alahi Tuni.

Unmistakably an area and a gibbet in Kabul in addition bear the name of Ali-Mardan Khan. A lovely backyard was laid out by him in Shah Jahanabad, which is to the north of the Kashmiri entryway on the River Jumna. Surrounded by the city of New Delhi, Ali-Mardan Khan lived in one of the principal fortress having a position with the immense Mughal aristocrats. What's more, he had requested his manor in Peshawar and in addition a protected bazaar in the city to be constructed in light of the design of Iran, Shah Jahan turned out to be so enchanted with this Bazaarthat he requested the working of its imitation in Shah Jahanabad. The tomb of the mother of Ali-Mardan Khan's, where he too was later sheltered, must have similarly been developed in the lead of his request. A number of different works that have been associated with him are a town called Ebrahim abad, a bazaar in Kabul, a garden in Peshawar, and a few expansions and channels.

Concept And History Of The Tomb In Architecture:

Architectural Analysis

Ali Mardan Khan, administrator of Kashmir, Qandahar and Punjab, was recognized for his ability and judgment in the implementation of civic workings. He is covered beside his mother in her tomb, on the right bank of the canal situated at Mughalpura. The same was previously bounded by a backyard of which only the entrance has survived. The tomb once used to stand at the centre of a heavenly area or garden, a beloved subject matter as evidenced in the mausoleum of Jahangir and Asif Khan Etc. The coverage of the garden of the Ali Mardan can be measured by the double-storey elite size entryway (66’ x 52’) in the north stated above. The entrance indicates the distinction of enameled tiled work in mosaic, in the era of the Mughals, which must have once garlanded the mausoleum. The gateway in existence would have been a noted part for the midpoints of the southern, eastern and western edges of the garden square.

Architectural Details Of The Tomb

The tomb stands on a high octagonal platform and this octagonal character is carried throughout the building (Tehqeeqat-e-Chisti). The superior mausoleum is an enormous construction of bricks, octagonal in preparation, each wall having a measure of 34’-4” with a high pitch and kiosks on sharp points on an eight sided pedestal 4’-9” far above the ground with each side having a measure of about 58 feet.  It was initially a splendid structure with the dome over and done with the inlaid white marble with floral drawing on the black marble. The sides are pierced by disdainful Timurid Iwans, conquered by a gigantic 42' diameter dome elevated on a drum. Even though the majority of the chattries or the domed kiosks, at the curves of the octagon are misplaced, it is a attractive characteristic frequently utilized in 16th and 17th century tombs of the Mughals.

Deep half domed indentations in each region enclose smaller arched openings into the central chamber. The dome was originally finished with white marble inlaid with floral designs in black marble. The octagon was veneered with stone and marble paneling with the cornice molding of white marble with zigzag black inlay.  The brick podium was likewise covered with red sandstone with white and black marble inlay.  The half dome had interlaced tracery of plaster with pointed floral patterns and the inner surface of the dome over the tomb chamber was decorated with floral network in plaster relief similar to that of the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore. Traces of stucco tracery still exist on ceiling of the dome. In the underground chamber, under the central dome are the interned the mortal remains of the genius.

A massive construction of bricks, octagonal in arrangement with sides of 34’-4” and with a soaring dome and kiosks on pointed stands on an eight- sided podium with height of 4’-9” and side having a measure of 57’-6”. It was formerly assembled with all the architectural refinement distinctive at that time but was mercilessly smashed up by the Sikhs who for the duration of their short-lived ruling depressed the structure of all its marble facing and other decorations, their traces are still in existence.

Historical Reference

In the 19^th century, the great historian Noor Ahmed Chisti  in his book Tehqeeqat-e-Chishti, speaks of the damage dealt by the Sikhs to the tomb in their times. The Sikh rulers stripped the tomb of its marble work and desecrated the headstone. The destruction can still be seen, however, the evidence of the tomb’s grandeur is indicated by its high dome which is quite comparable to the dome of the Badshahi Mosque although their diameters are different. He writes:

The tomb is higher than the gateway and lies towards the south of it. The construction was carried out in stone (sang surkh-o-abri) but was stolen by the Sikhs. The tomb is of octagonal shape – on all four sides there are eight vaulted openings which are very high. Only one vaulted entrance in the north-east is open today. The rest were closed by Gulab Singh Phondia in the period of Ranjit Singh to be used for storing ammunition.

Dr. AbdullahChughtai in his book mentions that in the earlier British period this area was known as Chentgarh. He compares the tomb’s double dome construction to that of the Asif Khan tomb Shahdara, which also carries a double dome of similar measurements and draws the conclusion that it might have been that this tomb was also constructed with consultation from Ali Mardan Khan. (1051 h.)

Present Condition

Even though Ali Mardan Khan acted as a noble and not a saint of the Mughals, the locals who had a spiritual inclination, called the mausoleum the darbar or shrine of Mardan Khan. The grave which is in the vault compartment, and accessibility is gained all the way through a descending flight of steps, is ornamented in the mode of a shrine of a saint. In the present day, shorn of exterior decoration, except the remains of frescoes in few recess, the external walls must once have carried sparkling engraving of the multicolored stones, as can be seen in some existing remnants on the north-west of the main mausoleum. The interior of the main chambers has only exposed brick without any decorations / finishes in walls and ceilings. The surviving remains of brick platform (“Taweez”) irregular in shape and dilapidated condition about 9”-12” high. The 3 graves painted underneath a bigger dome which was liberally decked with wall painting in geometric and flowery outlines. 

Archaeological Survey Of India Report 1924:

“The most important work undertaken in Lahore was the conservation of the Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan, the famous Mughal Engineer during the year 1923-24.  It is situated inside the enclosure of the General Stores of the North Western Railway and access to the monument is at present gained by a private road belonging to the railway, but as this road is not always open, a proposal is now on foot to construct another approach from the Lahore Amritsar Road.  

The monument consists of a gateway adorned with kashi enameling and of the tomb proper, the lofty dome of which is a striking and conspicuous object on the right hand side of the road one goes from Lahore to the Shalimar Gardens.  The immediate surroundings of the monument were partially enclosed by a high brick wall built some years ago by the North Western Railway authorities.  To protect the monument and prevent the use of the precincts as a dumping ground for rubbish, this wall has now been completed and the protected area adequately enclosed. “

First Conservation

The first work undertaken was the clearance and leveling of the compound. This has revealed fragments of the original brick pavement adjacent to the tomb and also a portion of the original steps giving access to the high octagonal plinth.  Three sides of the plinth had been restored many years ago and the five remaining sides have now been given attention.  

During the operations it was observed that in the center of the plinth, opposite alternate entrance to the tomb; the brick pavement was entirely absent. This suggests the former existence of small tanks resembling those recently discovered at Asif Khan’s Tomb at Shahdara, and on excavation being made these tanks were brought to light and have now been completely cleared.  Originally each tank had a fountain in the center and several of the original qulabas (earthen water pipes) which fed the tank have also been discovered.

The whole of the facing of the tomb has disappeared and was in all probability removed in Sikh times, but the monument is otherwise structurally sound and is impressive even in its despoiled condition.

Missing portions of the parapet of the roof have been restored, gaps in the dome filled, loose masonry secured, the interior of the dome cleared of rubbish, and parnalas provided for the drainage of the roof. Where necessary, plaster has been edged off with filleting both in the ceiling of the tomb and on the exterior of the monument.  As the remains of the steps giving access to the plinth were sufficient to indicate their original form, the missing portions have been restored.

Conservation During 1951-52

During the period 1951-52, an expenditure of Rs.10, 631/- was incurred on the annual repairs to the monument including the pay of a guard.

During the year 1951-52, 1453sft kankar lime concrete flooring strengthened with cement was laid on the roof of the tomb to replace the old disintegrated material which allowed percolation of rain water.  A hand pump was installed to provide water for the repairs and lying of a garden.  The decayed northwest face of the platform of the tomb was restored which involved 373 cft brick work in kankar lime.  Petty repairs such as edging off kankar lime plaster and replacing bricks and the clearance work were also carried out.

Annual Repairs During 1989-90

The menace of bat sticking to the ceiling of the tomb had increased to such an extent that it had become a problem to open doors for visitors to enter inside the tomb. The drops of bats also reflected badly on the cleanliness of monuments. During 1989-90, Angle iron frames with steel mesh painted with synthetic enamel paints were fixed in the Arch openings and ventilators check the entry of bats and to preserve it

Annual Repairs During 1996-97

• Underpinning the undermined and shattered portions of the gateway were attended with brick tile masonry laid in kankar lime mortar.
• Kankar lime pointing to the open jointed masonry including re-fixing of the deteriorated tiles in masonry work was cried out.
• The deteriorated and damaged mosaic tile work of different patterns, due to weathered effects up to the height of 40 feet was taken in hand and repaired properly.
• The previously fixed expanded metal in the openings of the tomb of Ali Mardan Khan’s tomb was painted with enamel paint to guard against rust etc.
• The routine maintenance works have given strength to these historical monuments. The monument had been a subject of destruction and wreckage by the Sikhs who dispossessed the construction of all its marble faced and other decoration, the existence of which are still found in traces.
• During the year 2005-06, and 2006-2007 an amount of Rs. 60,000/ and Rs. 200,000/ was allocated respectively in the Conservation Programme, of Northern Circle of Archaeology, but the Conservation work could not be carried out due to one or the reasons.

Like the other important monuments of Pakistan, The Tomb of the Ali Mardan khan is one among the other masterpieces of the architectures of the Mughal community, and had been subject to sabotage by the Sikhs who had impoverished the building of all marbles and decorations and the traces of which are still in existence. The devastated condition of the tomb is accredited to the ruling of the Sikh’s, the situations when the structure of the tomb was used as a military publication by one of Ranjit Singh's General, Gulab Singh and the entrance as abode of the Colonel of the Sikh battalion Misranwali, Gurdit Singh.

It was considered appropriate to find out major causes of its decay. The major grounds of decay, degeneration and devastation of this tombstone may be recapitulated as under:

• The grounds interrelated to geographical positioning of construction, such as thermal progress, wind, storms, rain and natural disasters. Also, the dissemination of dampness from the roofs and land, leading to worsening of the foremost resources & binders
• The grounds related to the nature and temperament of the earth and atmosphere
• The grounds related to equipments and systems used in the initial construction of a structure.
• The Man-made sources including the determined defacement of the Sikhs and the British people after the decline of the builders, atmospheric pollution, neglecting, shuddering, obsolesce by guests and utilization of poor techniques of preservation.
• The grounds of Biological and Micro-biological nature.

The causes mostly have a concern with the climatic state to which the structure is subjected every time and includes natural devastations like flood, rain, speed of wind, solar radiation, warmth, moisture, earthquake etc. These are now discussed in detail in the following section.

City of Lahore falls within the zone of intense climate. During the summer season, the temperature goes up to 48°c and during winter it comes downward to 0°c. The uncovered part of construction expands further owing to solar radiation, while the interior and sheltered parts of building continue to be comparatively cooler. Thermal whereabouts generate pressure in building substances and components, which has an outcome of getting cracks in the material and formation. Different materials and even the same material of different colors have different thermal expansion, due to which cracks, between the joints of masonry, are developed.

The monument of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan’s tomb has enormous stonework formation. The increasing thermal expansion is restricted by compressive forces of dead weight, but the straight progress has produced vertical fissures on the higher segment of a building. The roof, which is completed with the terracing of lime, has also grown up in trivial cracks; all the way through these cracks, the rainwater infiltrates and creates damage to the upper ceiling.

In the city of Lahore, the average rainfall is 20 inches annually. Rain creates damage in the stonework above the earth and diffusion of rainwater through vessel exploit causes decomposition of arrangement on the inside. The rainwater along its pathway picks and choose up soluble materials and there is an occurrence of a vicious crystallization process during the evaporation of water. The crystallization of Salt has an outcome of powdering of the facade, cracking in substance and occasionally even absolute breakdown of the stonework. Curve leveling also take place due to frequent drenching and drying cycles of stone masonry.

The front wall of Ali Mardan Khan’s sepulcher which was once roofed with inlaid red sandstone, which was brutally detached by the conquerors subsequent to the turning down of Mughal Dynasty and currently the irregular existing surface, is a permeable substance. Subterranean decomposition can be observed on the frontage, where there has been a development in the cavities. The leveling and contour balancing on the block exterior has also taken position owing to recurring cycle of drying and wetting. At various places, the crystallization of salt has lead to a structure of disintegration of surface as it put forth stress on the minute opening of materials.

Ali Mardan khan’s tomb, one of the Category-I monuments protected by Department of archaeology & Museums, which always remains under serious threat of natural disaster like earthquake, Heavy rain fall, and wind storm etc. the use of materials and building techniques of Mughals are absolutely wonderful and are best absorption of heat, sound and other seismic problems. Anyhow, the worst agent causing deterioration of this tomb and monuments is the rain storms.

The temperament of the soil and firmness of earth, on which the structure is erected are of an extreme significance. Underground bed of water, nature of soil and salt determines the constancy of the construction. The plinth neighboring the tomb as well as the adjacent wall reflects a lot of efflorescence which may prove to be a hint for the lack in the proper drainage or the susceptibility of the construction to the moisture of ground.

At several places corrosion is due to dreadful quality of building material or due to improper building techniques, which was applied at the time of construction by original builders. It is originated at many sites of the facades of the tomb of Jahangir, where the gravel is also rigid with iron rods. Similarly a large number of iron dowels have been seen in the ceiling of basement chamber used either for reinforcement of kankar lime finish under the glaze plaster (pacca Qalai) and fresco painting. The shattering of surface is common at some places and chunks of plaster and surface decoration has been removed.

Man is an imaginative artist and at the same time, also a destructive agent. The Man made causes of decomposition are complex and have extensively broadened implications. These are by-product of industrial activity, urbanization and population pressure.

The monument had been subject to willful vandalism by the Sikhs, they had deprived the construction of all its marbles and decorations and what remains ultimately, are just the traces. The devastated condition of the tomb is accredited to the ruling of the Sikhs, while the tomb structure was used as a martial publication by Gulab Singh, one of the Generals of Ranjit Singh, and the entrance as residence by Colonel of the Sikh battalion Misranwali, Gurdit Singh.

During British period the original character of the mausoleum complex was damage due to establishment of railway workshops on northern, southern and western side of the monument, which further contributed its decay.

Even though Ali Mardan Khan acted as a noble and not a saint of the Mughals, the locals who had a spiritual inclination, called the mausoleum the darbar or shrine of Mardan Khan. The grave which is in the vault compartment, and accessibility is gained all the way through a descending flight of steps, is ornamented in the mode of a shrine of a saint. Every Thursday hundreds of local people use to visit the tomb anddamaged its original ornamentation by making fire and burning candles.

The two possible and integral causes of man made destruction are neglect and ignorance. The gravestone is ignored due to inadequate economic and human wealth. There is only watch and ward personnel who has to look after the other three tombstones which are located too far from one another. Ever since its protection, a few insignificant maintenance and repair works have been carried out, which are completely inadequate for such valuable and gigantic gravestone.

Air is polluted primarily by locomotive and automobile exhaust emission and industrial waste products. The tomb is located inside the locomotive / railway area and Grand Trunk road. The facade of stone has turned out to be rough and eroded due to contaminants in the air. Pollution has to the highest degree affected the construction and its exteriors. The Lime mortar and lime plaster has a major affect due to pollution, with the alteration of calcium carbonate into calcium sulphate, which is soluble in water. The arrangement has become feeble as the lime mortar is leached away due to the acid rain. The floating particulates such as fumes, dust, soot etc. have also blemished the exterior of the memorials especially the fresco work of buried arches and vault compartments.

Vibration

Mechanical vibrations transmitted to the subsoil by heavy, railway traffic, have proved to be destructive for the historic building. The vibration can cause loss of foundation strength by affecting subsoil, and loss of structural strength in super structure.

The railway workshops and lines were laid during the British period, which is at a distance of about 50-100 meters from tomb. The highway is also at about 1 km from Ali Mardan’s tomb. Both provide vibrations to subsoil, which have produced structural cracks in the building, specifically foundations, Arches, dome, roof, floor of main building including kiosks.

Wear & Tear By Visitors

Due to inadequate number of guards, un-authorized visitors are very common due to existence of another Shrine and mosque in the immediate vicinity. The visitors damage the monuments by writing on walls, climbing with different elements of building.

Poor Conservation Techniques

Poor preservation is the consequence of deficiency of technical acquaintance, regarding re-establishment work. Maintenance are frequently done unprofessionally or using inappropriate materials, which react un-favorably with

the original material, causing further damage. Altering original design and detailing and unplanned conservation activities in wrong sequence also comes under poor conservation techniques. The monument also suffered due poor conservation techniques.

Consolidation and work of repairs are carried out devoid of appropriate examination and any preservation policy. It has spoiled the uniqueness of gravestone.  The utilization of cement is also obvious for definite repairs i.e. minor segment of eastern façade and staircases. While according to Bernard M. Fielden, “cement is number one enemy of historic buildings”. As such cement is not compatible with lime mortar. A number of places are seen where a lot of touching has been done with cement, which has resulted in further cracks in the adjoining area.

Biological And Micro Biological Causes

The deterioration of biological nature means any adverse alteration in the substance material goods due to expansion of organic and non micro organisms. The biological worsening of substance involves mechanism of dissimilar kind of degeneration and disintegration processes.

Space Id	Name of Space	Use of Space
SwE	South-west Elevational view of Dome.	The most striking feature of the tomb is the double dome which is almost as high as the tomb itself.
Location
Orientation	?   Under roof		?   Interior zone	?   Parapet feature
South-west	?   Near water		?   Exposed zone	?   Raised podium
Material Type	Agents of Damage	Type of Damage – Explanation
?   Brick	?Vandalism/Theft (Sikh period)	The dome was initially completed with Black marble laid within the white & varigated marblesin floral designs. Today, this can only be seen in patches at rare points of the dome surface. The reason for this could be anything from vandalism during the Sikh period to destruction by environmental factors.
?   Stone	?Relative humidity
?  Red sandstone	?Temperature
?   Lime mortar	?UV rays
?   Plaster	?Water	Causes
?   White marble	?Physical agents	Since the dome is completely exposed to the environment it is vulnerable to a number of agents including rainwater damage, pollution hazards, UV rays, thermal disintegration as well as biological factors that can be seen in the form of weeds and lichens growing at the top of structure.
?   Black marble	?Biological agents
?   Surface rendering	?Chemical agents
	?   Human factors
	?   Poor construction technique
Material used	Brickwork laid in lime mortar. Original finish in black, white, & other marble in floral & geometric designs.
Conclusion	Extensive Scientic cleaning and preventive conservation works needs to be carried out to check the water seepage and other environmental factors affecting it. The surrounding railway workshops should be shifted to other locations and surrounding water bodies checked for nitrogen saturation in order to decrease the incidence of acidic rain and related environmental hazards.

Space Id	Name of Space	Use of Space
BP	Raised brick podium.	The brick podium on which the entire tomb is raised was once covered with red sandstone with white and black marble inlay.  Presently tile on edge flooring in geometric desins made during 1924 is still survivig on South east side of the platform.
Location
Orientation	?   Under roof		?   Interior zone	?   Parapet feature
South	?   Near water		?   Exposed zone	?   Raised podium
Material Type	Agents of Damage	Type of Damage – Explanation
?   Brick	?Vandalism/Theft (Sikh period)	The brick podium that was once a fine example of the use of red sandstone and marble (sang surkh-o-abri) is now covered with weeds and efflorescence.
?   Stone	?Relative humidity
?  Red sandstone	?Temperature
?   Lime mortar	?UV rays
?   Plaster	?Water	Causes
?   White marble	?Physical agents	The podium is a picture of  poor maintenance due to paucity of Finacial and human resources. Due to lack of proper rainwater drainage the bricks have become covered with effloresence at various points. The paving of the podium itself is missing in places and has become covered almost entirely by natural vegetation.
?   Black marble	?Biological agents
?   Surface rendering	?Chemical agents
	?   Human factors
	?   Poor construction technique
Material used	Brickwork that was once covered with red sandstone vennering and flooring carried out with white and black marble decoration.
Conclusion	The deterioration of biological means any unpleasant transformation in the substance properties due to intensification of biological and non organic organisms. The biological worsening of material involves method of dissimilar kind of degeneration and putrefaction processes. Presently there is no evidence of original flooring of Mughal era is surviving; hence the present British period floor can be restored.

Pakistan is one of the oldest civilizations of the world with a variety of rich cultural heritage.  The area has seen the rise and fall of ancient civilizations.  This part of the subcontinent has, therefore, been continuously inhabited by diverse cultures and civilization.  A score of historic monuments and rich archaeological sites from various civilizations now form the heritage of this region.

The management and administrative control of these scores of monuments is shared between the federal and provincial governments through their respective Departments of Archaeology.  Most of the important monuments and sites are under the control of the federal government while others with the provincial governments.  The Tomb of Nawab Ali Mardan Khan is under the Federal Department of Archaeology attached to the Federal Ministry of Culture , Government of Pakistan.

Administratively, the Department of Archaeology is headed by a Director General with their head offices in Islamabad.  The Northern Circle headed by a Director is responsible for the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the planning , execution, and supervision of conservation works (Both regular and Development works) of more than 152 protected monuments and sites spread over large distances of province of Punjab, there is only one Senior Architect , one Assistant Archaeological Engineer and Two Archaeological Conservators. It clearly indicates that the department of archaeology is severely understaffed.  There is simply not enough Conservation and watch & Ward staff available for the large number of monuments, they have to attend to. Whatever staff available does not represent a cross section of various professionals, who may be required for the scientific investigations/conservation of the wide variety of architectural elements.

Where as the financial position of the Department of Archaeology is not very encouraging, the financial management is equally bad.  The only finances available with the department are in the form of budget earmarked by the Ministry every year which is very meager.  For example, the budget for conservation of all 152 monuments in the Northern circle during the current financial year 2010-11 is Rs.0350, 000/-.  This amount equally distributed over 152 monuments would come to Rs. 2303/-.  Per monument per year or Rs.06.31 per monument per day.  This is such a meager amount of money that no worth-while work can be done with this money.

Since Long up to 2004, the Tomb of Nawab Ali Mardan khan was under the jurisdiction of Archaeological Conservator Shalamar Garden. The Archaeological Conservator Shalamar Garden having one Conservation Supervisor had to look after, maintain and execute conservation at more than 18 monuments in the Section. He was under the controle of Assistant Archaeological Engineer Northern Circle of Archaeology.  In 2004, the administrative controle of Shalamar Garden was transferred to Punjab Archaeology along with Staff and since then the tomb of Ali Mardan Khan is looked after by Archaeological Conservator Jahangir’s Tomb.

Tomb of Nawab Ali Mardan khan is a unique standing monument of Mughal period.  It, therefore, requires the services of a large number of professional of different fields i.e. conservators, architects, engineers, chemists, historians and many more. Unfortunately these professionals have neither been engaged by the Department of Archaeology nor consulted from outside to get their feed back due to one or the other reasons.  It can very easily be concluded from the above that the general state of conservation and the maintenance of the Tomb is far from satisfaction and there is an urgent need to attend to the deteriorating state of this precious jewel of art and architecture. Presently there is only one Chowkidar who has the authority to look subsequent to this tomb and other three monuments which are positioned far from each other.  Hence the appropriate upkeep is not possible.

Proposed Management Strategy

Under the Supervision of Director Northern Circle and assistant Archaeological Engineer, following staff is required for routine maintenance and proper Conservation of the Ali Mardan Khan’s tomb:

Conservation Supervisor ( 01 No )

Watch & ward Staff ( 04 No )

Garden staff ( 04 No )

Legal Frame Work:

Tomb of Ali Mardan khan and gateway is sheltered monuments vide notice No. 149 dated 5^th February, 1912 under Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 1904.  The memorial has a possession of and upholding by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan and the total secluded area is 11 kanals – 9 Marlas and currently, it is governed under Antiquities Act, 1975.

Proposed Conservation Strategies:

The following items of Conservation work are proposed to be carried out:-

1. Archaeological investigations of the existing area and materials used.
2. Detail review of the region as well as topographic survey, situation survey and Geo Technical studies. Detailed certification of the monument together with decorative fundamentals.
3. Immediate defensive protection and consolidation of all the structural and architectural elements i.e. flush tip edge of plaster, filling of fissures and under pinning etc.
4. Conservation and restoration of brick tile masonry of deteriorated and shattered portions in walls, floors, ceiling and roof etc.
5. Conservation, Structural consolidation, and restoration of missing kiosks.
6. Preservation and Restoring missing Ghalib Kari Work in the ceiling of the main dome.
7. Scientific cleaning, conservation and restoration of fresco paintings in floral and geometric patterns.
8. Restoration of the Rain water spouts.
9. Providing and laying Kankar Lime Plaster to the uneven surface of façade, walls dome and drum to prevent the water penetration.
10. Edging of original fresco painting /Kankar Lime Plaster.
11. Edging of loosed glazed tiles over the gateway.
12. Providing and laying brick on edge pavement around the tomb as per existing at site.
13. Garden development after proper archaeological investigations, of landscape including filling of depression with earth including leveling, dressing etc., and laying of walkways complete.
14. Provision for proper water supply and drainage system of the water tanks and lawn development.
15. Removing of wild grass from platform and conservation of flooring.
16. The broken iron grill be replaced with new ones.
17. Lime terracing of floor inner side, outside at all levels of the tomb.
18. Removal of wild growth all around the tomb.
19. Providing and fixing expended metal in the opening of main tomb to check the entry of bats.

Repair of steps leading to upper story and basement with traditional mortar.

1. Scientific treatment and cleaning of all decorative finishes to prevent further deterioration.
2. Conservation/Restoration of basement chamber of main tomb.
3. Provision for development of passage leading from main road to mausoleum area.
4. Filling of cracks / edging of lime plaster in walls, floors, dome & drum.
5. Petty and urgent repairs all over the tomb.
6. Providing and fixing sign/history boards in, out and around.

PHASE I

Minimal intervention: consolidation, stabilization and preventive conservation work necessary to prevent water seepage, immanent collapse or future decay of structures and surface decoration.

Phase II

Restoration: including minor repairs and partial reconstruction of damaged or missing elements, applied selectively to structures like platform, water tanks, and Kiosks.

Reconstruction: including rebuilding of hard and soft landscape and other elements of the garden.

Phase III

Adaptive re-use: including modifications to existing structures and place, and preface of innovative elements such as present services, to make available essential public amenities and to furnish for discriminating latest utilization.

Phase I

1. Boundary Wall:
2. Repair Of Brickwork;
3. The North Gate:
4. Building to be cleaned to remove modern materials; debris; organic matter; and layers of dirt and dust.
5. The surfaces and other details exposed after cleaning to be documented and studied for additional information regarding original materials; causes of decay; and condition of structures.
6. Repairs of roof to ensure proper drainage and waterproofing with beaten kankar lime concrete roofing laid to slopes.
7. Lay beaten Kankar lime flooring in areas as specified;
8. Existing wooden door to be replaced by new gate which is currently being fabricated according to the design given by the Department of Archaeology.

4. Tomb:
5. Building to be cleaned to remove modern materials; debris; organic matter; and layers of dirt and dust.
6. The surfaces and other details exposed after cleaning to  be documented and studied for additional information regarding original materials; causes of decay; and condition of structures.
7. Repairs of roof to ensure proper drainage and waterproofing with kankar lime concrete roofing laid to slopes.
8. Stabilization of structural remains.Conservation and restoration of lime plaster, fresco painting, mosaic tile, stucco tracery, lime terracing, and Sarcophagus of burial chamber etc.
9. Kiosks
10. Documentation of architectural features and surface decorations.
11. Structural consolidation of dilapidated condition South-eastern Kiosk
12. Garden
13. Remove debris, weeds and lose material;
14. Provide and lay new soil, dressed and leveled as required;
15. Provide and lay grass, or other ground cover, as specified;
16. Install piped water supply network for irrigation.
17. Restore severely damaged parts of original walkway;
18. Human Resource
19. Establishment of permanent security staff by the Archaeology Department;
20. Establishment of permanent staff for maintenance of garden;
21. Public Open Space
22. Negotiate and coordinate with relevant local government and other agencies to arrive at agreed master plan for the adjoining precinct, to include car parking, landscaping and other public facilities, with necessary legal and administrative provisions to secure the public open space along the south wall of the monument.
23. Further Investigations
24. In situ and/or archival evidence for the original flooring of all the buildings and walkways;
25. Garden archaeology studies to identify the original planting material;
26. Hydraulic studies.
27. Analysis of mortars and plasters to establish causes of decay – e.g. loss of adhesion of glazed tiles in main tomb.

Phase Ii:

1. Restoration of original irrigation system;
2. Replanting of garden;
3. Re-construction of walkways and water channels;
4. Conservation and petty repairs of the facades to prevent the water seepage, including stairs;
5. Selective restoration/repair of kashi Kari works of gate.

Phase Iii

1. Provision of signage;
2. Provision of public facilities: toilets, sitting benches, drinking water/      refreshment souvenir sales outlets, and solid waste disposal,
3. Development of public open space in around the monument if possible.
4. Modification of tube-well structure;
5. Installation of garden illumination;