Key Concepts, Approaches, And Methods For Essay On System Requirements And Information System Development. (70 Characters)

The answers should provide any relevant diagram or chart as necessary. On my last week's assignment answers the answers were too short and didn't include much scholarly reference or relevant diagram.

1. Explain in scholarly detail key concepts used to begin defining system requirements and why are these concepts important? Also, what types of stakeholders should be included in determining these system requirements and why?

2 .Discuss in scholarly detail approaches used to develop information systems including traditional approaches and object-oriented approaches.

3. Discuss in scholarly detail different ethods to observe business processes and what are the pros and cons of these processes?

4. Discuss in scholarly detail effects of business process reengineering on activities of the analysis phase.

Importance of Building Proper System Requirements through Key Concepts

The system requirements are very important for developing a special network in the concerned areas. The systems have to be designed so that the entire work can be processed properly with the desired outcomes in mind (Katina, Keating & Ra’ed, 2014).  The correct specifications have to be built and to do that it is of utmost importance to develop accurate system requirements. Many steps have to be taken in order to build proper system requirements. Though, it is very difficult for the concerned people to behave, they have to design proper systems. It is also very crucial to build a proper relationship between the customers and the designer of the systems. There can be no reason of establishing the special perfect specifications if the customers and the designers do not agree on the point of requirements (Katina, Keating & Ra’ed, 2014). 

The problems are raised from the facts that the requirement statements have ambiguities in themselves. The ambiguity in the requirements can be caused by the miscommunication between the system designers and the people who are on the end users (Valacich, George & Hoffer, 2015). An example can be provided in this context that some people want to travel to New York to Los Angeles and they have asked for the probable modes of transportation. The ways can be suggested that they could go by bus, train or airplane. They have not probably asked about their desire that they want to travel very fast. They could avail trains or buses at the first place. However, if they had informed that they want to travel faster, the choice of airplane could be suggested. This is called the miscommunication between the customers and the designers (Maiden, 2013).

Another way of getting the correct requirements is explore the facts in the system processes. The customers have to provide the good ideas because it is one of the bases to make good requirements for the systems to be designed. A noteworthy problem that can arise in this scenario is the conflicts. Conflicts can definitely occur from personality clashes and facilitators must be present to recon ciliate the distances being created (Valacich, George & Hoffer, 2015). The role of establishing the functions, attributes, constraints, preferences and expectations from the product should be made specifically to obtain the correct requirements. Then only the systems for production can be properly addressed (Valacich, George & Hoffer, 2015). Some testing methods are involved in this matter and they are:-

• Ambiguity poll
• Technical review
• User satisfaction test
• Black box test cases
• Existing products

Stakeholders Involved in Defining System Requirements

The types of the stakeholders who can be included in this section are the customers or end users and the system designers. The system designers are the internal stakeholders and the customers can be included in they are the external stakeholders.

The primary purpose of developing the new information system is to meet the requirements of the different organizational needs. Both the traditional approach and object-oriented approach can be used because of that (Romney & Steinbart, 2012).  Four systems have been identified that can be used in the information systems and these are Transaction Processing Systems, Management Information Systems, Decision Support systems and Expert Systems. The structured analysis is a very common and traditional approach in the information systems and it has been used in determining the process-centered things (Romney & Steinbart, 2012). These will lead the information systems to transform the data into for the useful information. The business methodologies are made to look at the process-centered, data-centered and object-oriented approaches to the information systems.

In the traditional approach of the information systems, the business case has to be analyzed by its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then the constraints in the project have to be identified and the scope for the project has to be developed. The requirement of the modeling involves the various fact-findings and this describes the current system in an organization. The traditional approach in the information systems shows the fact that logical models are developed in data and process-modeling (Krogstie, 2012). This helps to show what the current system is doing and recommends what it must do. The Data Flow diagram is one thing that helps to create the information system in aright manner. The system requirements are analyzed and the requirements have to be drafted. These System Requirements have to be designed to view the overall system design (Krogstie, 2012). In the traditional approach to the information systems, the Entry-Relationship diagrams have to play a major role in the data designing process.

The object-oriented approach is another approach in the management of the data information systems (Dennis, Wixom & Tegarden, 2015).  The implementation of this approach speed up the productivity and the systems development is improved by this. The developers of this approach go through gathering the information about these things. There are some phases of implementation in this approach. In the design phase of this model, the analysis model needs to be refined and it has to be updated as well so that it can be implemented properly (Dennis, Wixom & Tegarden, 2015).  In the analysis phase of this approach, the real world application model has to be developed so that the help of use-case modeling has to be taken in this case.

Traditional and Object-Oriented Approaches to Information System Development

There are some common methods that can be used to assess and observe the business methods in the modern business environments. These methods have to be followed properly so that the analysis can be done properly (Jeston & Nelis, 2014).  The business analysts have taken the help of the various methods by which they can implement these observation processes. These methods can be described in various ways:-

In this method, the analysts do not have any direct ways of interfering into the business process. Rather, they just have to turn up and they must keep a close look on the way the user is dealing with the business (Jeston & Nelis, 2014). 

In this kind of observation in the business process, the analysts get the opportunity to interact with the users or the persons who are performing the business. Both of them are able to talk to each other and interchange their views about the business process (Laguna & Marklund, 2013).  This method is very useful in making a good relationship with the stakeholders and to focus on talking to the users about the process in which the business is heading.

In this method of the business process, the person has to complete the business processes and must take all the responsibilities so as to make a good progress in the field. The person will gain more credibility by solving the problems by him and he will be keen to gain the profits (Laguna & Marklund, 2013).  The business process has to be undertaken by looking at the process itself, maintaining the business rules, having a good rapport with the external agents and collecting the important data from it.

• This method helps to collect data directly
• It also improves the research results precisely
• It helps to gain better understanding about the verbal responses
• Observations can be made in the business process by using certain modern gadgets and done for a longer period of time (Holcombe & Ipate, 2012). 

• The past problems cannot be identified in the business process through observation.
• The attitudes of the businessmen cannot be judged through observation
• The use of sampling cannot be done (Holcombe & Ipate, 2012). 
• In this process, the opinions of others cannot be studied

Business process reengineering is one of the most important aspects in the business process because it has to make alignments with the business processes that are taking place across the world (Chiarini, 2012). The business process reengineering has to be clearly defined in its objectives. The various attributes are associated with this aspect like the improving product quality, reducing the costs of the products, efficiency increasing, maintains the vision and mission and objectives of the company.

The goal of the company has to be fixed properly. Then the different processes like the staying in line with the missions of the company and take important steps regarding that. The areas which have to be improved must be identified properly and they have to be improved by taking the useful things under consideration (Chiarini, 2012). It has to be analyzed in the analysis phase whether the mission of the company and their output is in the same line or not. This will help them to make the identification easier and improvement process can be started as soon as it is clarified. The things that do not match with the outputs of the company and their mission become a part of their ‘red list’ (Luca, 2014). The BPR helps to analyze the product quality at the testing time before it is launched. Whenever any possibility of change comes to be probability, the need for assessing the employee outlook and the company’s viewpoint towards the change becomes all the more critical (Luca, 2014). In the analysis phase, the cost advantages can be assessed that helps the organizations to stay ahead of their competitors to gain the competitive rivalry. The customer needs have to be analyzed and the requirements of the customers have to be prioritized first.

In this way, the BPR will help the organizations to initiate the change for improvement after the analysis of the challenges in the organizations (Langer, 2016).

References

Chiarini, A. (2012). Business process reengineering. In From Total Quality Control to Lean Six Sigma (pp. 25-27). Springer Milan.

Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Tegarden, D. (2015). Systems analysis and design: An object-oriented approach with UML. John Wiley & Sons.

Holcombe, M., & Ipate, F. (2012). Correct systems: building a business process solution. Springer Science & Business Media.

Jeston, J., & Nelis, J. (2014). Business process management. Routledge.

Katina, P. F., Keating, C. B., & Ra’ed, M. J. (2014). System requirements engineering in complex situations. Requirements Engineering, 19(1), 45-62.

Krogstie, J. (2012). Model-based development and evolution of information systems: A Quality Approach. Springer Science & Business Media.

Laguna, M., & Marklund, J. (2013). Business process modeling, simulation and design. CRC Press.

Langer, A. M. (2016). Business process reengineering. In Guide to Software Development (pp. 215-226). Springer London.

LUCA, M. (2014). Business Process Reengineering. Risk in Contemporary Economy, 233-236.

Maiden, N. (2013). Monitoring our requirements. IEEE software, 30(1), 16-17.

Romney, M. B., & Steinbart, P. J. (2012). Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson.

Valacich, J. S., George, J. F., & Hoffer, J. A. (2015). Essentials of systems analysis and design. Pearson Education.