Homoeostasis essay: Living organism's balance.

Stress and Homoeostasis

Explain The Homoeostasis of a Living Organism.

When any external or internal stimuli threaten the homoeostasis of a living organism, they respond with stress. Stress is a complicated defense reaction of various psychological, social and biological factors as opined by Saklofske et al. (2012). Stress is a simple response to stimuli but it gets complicated due to the interaction between individuals and the environment they are exposed. An individual becomes more or less predisposed to the stressors depending on their life experience, inherited traits and cognitive susceptibility. Gender, age, intelligence and personality traits such as self-efficacy, optimism, control, self-esteem, and hostility affects the degree of stress response and vulnerability and resilience to stress (Schoenfeld and Gould 2012).

It is necessary to mention that, Friedman and Rosenman’s research is very helpful in investigating the hypothesis related to the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) that is associated with Type A behaviour. Apart from this, Friedman and Rosenman were the famous cardiologists who observed that there is common behaviour of the service users who came to them for their health issues as opined by Sittig et al. (2012). In addition, Friedman and Rosenman also observed that most of the service users who were suffered with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) were goal oriented, competitive, hostile, and driven as well as impatient (Yin 2013). As a result, these types of behaviours was the major reason for increasing the blood pressure level as well as increasing the levels of stress hormones that is linked with reason for illness in the body system as opined by Edwards, Baglioni Jr, and Cooper (2013).

Aim: The aim of this particular research is to investigate the effects of Type A/Type B personality on stress response of individuals when stimulated through mild stressful activity.

To record the response of individuals to various stressful activity according to their personality type.
The effect of personality type a and personality type B on stress response is evaluated.

What you need to do	Tablet for you to complete
What is your title?	An experiment into the effects of personality on the stress response.
What is the topic area you are investigating into?	The topic area of this research is effects of personality on stress response.
What is your aim?	This research investigates the effects of Type A/Type B personality upon the stress response of individuals.

What you need to do	Tablet for you to complete
Will you use experimental or non- experimental research method why? (justify your answer for EG experiment/observation / survey etc.	The method used for the research on the effects of personality traits on stress response is experimental based using Friedman and Rosenman’s research. Participants will be examined with various medical measurements like heart rate, breathing rate, pulse rate
What will be your research design and why? independent groups, repeated measure or matched pairs)	The study will be based on 20 independent participants. Participants will be examined with the medical measurements. The information data collected from the participants will be compared.
What is the IV	The IV is Personality type
What is the DV	The DV is Pulse Rate

What is your Null hypothesis	H0: Stress response is affected by only life experiences, family and social background.
Is your Hypothesis directional/ non-directional? Justify your answer here	The hypothesis of this study is non-directional. The dependent variable (Pulse Rate) of the stress response depends on independent variable (Personality Type).
Are there any EV’s to take into consideration?	EV should be taken into consideration because as the study is based on measurements of different biological aspect by researcher, there may be errors due to issues such as, equipment issues and accuracy of the information provided.
Confounding variables and limitations- do you think there may be any limitations within your research investigation which you cannot control for?	There may me problems associated with freedom and privacy of the participants which can cause distractions in the research setting. Examination of various participants is subjected to prejudice in human communication.
What ethical issues will you need to consider and why?	Ethical issues needed to be considered in this research are: · Participants of the investigation may not get a written explanation of the research survey. · The location of the examination of the body may not be comfortable for all participants. · Confidentially of the information provided by the researcher is very crucial. · Informed consent of the participants must be acquired before conducting the body examination.

What you need to do	Tablet for you to complete
How will you select your sample? Opportunity random etc.	Participants are selected by the researcher. The information about the research is provided to the participants that ensure them for examining their pulse rate, heartbeat rate.
How many participants will be required to gain a sufficient amount of data? That means in order to conduct a statistical test	Total 20 participants are required. 10 participants are required those who have Type A and the other hand, 10 participants who have type B personality
What will the age range / gender be?	The range of age is from 20 to 40 male and female both.
How will participants be allocated to each condition?	The participants are allocated through few significant questionnaires that are related to identify the personality types whether it is Type A or Type B. After the separation they are divided into two groups.

What you need to do

Tablet for you to complete

What do you need to help you collect the data?

Questionnaire record sheet etc.

To requirements for conducting the study are:

· Significant measurement equipments (Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer).

· Consent letters for the researcher.

· Information and explanation chart for the participants to understand the research study.

· Guidelines for ethical issues.

· Questionnaire for interviewees.

· Comfortable location for participants to take part in oral interviews.

Are they reliable and valid tools how can you establish this?

These materials are valid and required tools for conducting a research survey. The validity is confirmed by scientific and ethical laws that are required for carrying out a survey and interview-based research study.

What do you need to do	Tablet for you to complete
How will you approach potential participants?	Following procedures are conducted in order: · Researcher is informed about the research study. · Informed consent is acquired from the researcher. · A primary interview is conducted on the participants for information on personal and professional background. · Researcher asked for answering questionnaires for figuring their personality traits. · Participants are asked to answer questions on specific events which can trigger stress response. · Debriefing of participants.
Where will the practical research take place?	Above procedures are conducted on a medical clinic so that it is available and comfortable for all. Questionnaires are allowed to be taken so that the participants can answer it at the appropriate time they require.
How will you brief participants?	The participants are brief using one to one communication. They are informed about the research and its significance.
What standardised instructions will you use?	Instructions such as full honesty and accuracy are given to the participants for the study to be successful. They are instructed to provide information about what they think and do research objectives. Group discussions are prohibited.
How will you debrief your participants afterwards?	Debriefing of the participants is conducted by one on one communication. After the data and results are analyzed the participants are informed about the outcomes of the experimental study. Confidentiality is maintained throughout the process. Information concerning only the particular member is disclosed to him/her. No other information is provided to the participants.
How will you collect and record the data?	The questionnaire data is collected as documents. Each participant is assigned a separate file. Answers are audio recorded and the records are maintained digitally. The confidentiality of the data about the measurement of the body system is done by maintaining proper security both digitally and analogically.

What do you need to do	Tablet for you to complete
How will you analyse the descriptive data mean, median, mode, SD and range	The data will be summarised using descriptive statistics. The mean, median mode and SD will be calculated using mathematical calculations.
How will you present your data? Will you use any of the following · Tables · Graphs/ bar · charts	Data will be represented in descriptive form as well as by using table, graphs and charts. These figures will be then described and their significance will be explained.
What will be the level of data collected and why? Nominal ordinal, interval or ratio	The level of data will be of four levels so that the results are statistically significant.
Which statistical test would you intend to use and why? Chi-squared T-test etc.	To verify the significance of the study a statistical hypothesis test will be performed to see whether the hypothesis of the study is true or false for a population.

Area of research paper	Time taken
Background Research (studying the related books and journals to comprehend the concepts and theories related to the research topic)	10-15 days
Writing introduction and references (correlation and compilation and writing the information gathered)	5-7days
Preparing Methodology (to chalk down the requirements of the research)	30-35 days
Data collection	50-60 days
Collating and analysis (the analysis and conducting tests and representation the data)	18-22 days
Completion of discussion (discussion of the analysis and results of research)	3-6 days
Conclusion and abstract the conclusion of the process and results of the research)	5-8 days

Reference List

Edwards, J.R., Baglioni Jr, A.J. and Cooper, C.L., 2013. Examining the Relationships among Self-Report Measures of the Type A Behavior Pattern: The Effects of Dimensionality, Measurement Error, and Differences in Underlying Constructs. In From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1 (pp. 407-437). Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Saklofske, D.H., Austin, E.J., Mastoras, S.M., Beaton, L. and Osborne, S.E., 2012. Relationships of personality, affect, emotional intelligence and coping with student stress and academic success: Different patterns of association for stress and success. Learning and Individual Differences,22(2), pp.251-257.

Sittig, D.F., Hazlehurst, B.L., Brown, J., Murphy, S., Rosenman, M., Tarczy-Hornoch, P. and Wilcox, A.B., 2012. A survey of informatics platforms that enable distributed comparative effectiveness research using multi-institutional heterogeneous clinical data. Medical care, 50(Suppl), p.S49.

Yin, R.K., 2013. Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.

Bazzano, L., Pollock, B., Chen, W. and Harville, E., 2016, February. Associations Between Hunter Type A/B Personality Traits And Cardiovascular Risk Factors From Childhood To Young Adulthood. In Journal Of Investigative Medicine (Vol. 64, No. 2, Pp. 489-490). British Med Assoc House, Tavistock Square, London Wc1h 9jr, England: Bmj Publishing Group.

Chida, Y., 2013. Heart Disease and Type A Behavior. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 948-950). Springer New York.

Crestani, C.C., 2016. Adolescent vulnerability to cardiovascular consequences of chronic emotional stress: Review and perspectives for future research. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

Gertman, D.I., Haney, L.N. and Jenkins, J.P., 2014, June. Operator Decision Making Under Stress. In Analysis, Design & Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems: Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference, Verese, Italy, 10-12 September 1985 (p. 105). Elsevier.

Lv, Q., Jia, Y., Zhang, X.F., Zhang, X.B., Pan, L.D. and Shao, Y.L., 2016. Relationship of A-type personality to drug-eluting in-stent restenosis in coronary heart diseases patients received percutaneous coronary artery interventional therapy. Int J Clin Exp Med, 9(2), pp.4101-4106.

Siegman, A.W. and Dembroski, T.M. eds., 2013. In search of coronary-prone behavior: Beyond Type A. Psychology Press.

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