Assessing The Impact Of A Planned Transition Program For Adolescents And Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes In An Essay.

Goals of Project

1. Goals of Project

What you want the project to achieve; describe your ultimate project goals in outcome terms, and any intermediate goals as well?

2. Project Rationale

Why this problem/issue needs to be addressed through a project: the rationale for the project is clear and substantive, establishes the need or opportunity for the project and is supported by a review of the relevant literature, which is referenced.

3. Methods

The methods you will use are clearly identified, link to the aims, are appropriate and include:

a. A rationale for the methods chosen
b. A description of how the data will be collected
c. A rationale for sampling and sample size
d. A general description of how the analysis will be done
e. How these methods comply with Ethics feedback.

4. Ethical issues

How you will protect privacy and confidentiality; what ethical approvals are needed; what other ethical issues might exist?

5. Budget and Resources

What resources will be needed, and how will you secure them?  A budget (in $$); whilst most projects are not externally funded consider the costs of your time, consumables, and so on?

In modern time, the diabetes clinic attendance has become the major concern for young adolescent. Under such circumstances, the overall aim of this project is to assess whether a planned transition program for adolescents in addition to young adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) enhances diabetes clinic attendance and management as well as control over transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care.

The main aims and objectives of this project are to analysis the current practice of the attendance of the diabetes clinic. Apart from that, this study also provides the information for better transition process for the health care service especially in the care of the diabetes.

This particular study will emphasize on below mentioned aspects:

• To analyse the information about health care of type 1 diabetes;
• To assess a planned transition program for adolescents to young adults with Type 1 Diabetes; and
• To develop the program for future work that enhances the clinical attendance and management in adult or young diabetes care;

Transition in type 1 diabetes is one of the most significant parts of modern day’s health care system. In terms of adult care, movement of pediatric will be the best methodology or technique that helps the adult or young people in empowering their feeling from the point of view of self-management in their rest of life. In order to make changes in the undergoing process of young adult people and their family member with respect to diabetes, transition should be the key method.  Therefore, in terms of changing the movement of diabetes, the dependent child has to take care of their disease after the care of family members.     In all aspect of the life of the child, it helps in setting a wider picture in context to move dependent child to independent in the rest of the life. Atkinson et al. (2014) argued that the organization of health care can take small responsibility regarding this disease. Apart from that, Heller et al. (2012) cited heath care organization can able to help the families or the child of by providing wider process of taking care or management of diabetes. Patterson et al. (2012) suggested that in the NSF, it is very much important as well as the potential key that associate the young adult and getting transition right in the healthcare operational process. 

Project Rationale

Therefore, for up-and-coming young adults with diabetes, it is specifically essential to compose effectual process for the conversion in care as of pediatric to adult providers with the intention of enhancing the interests as well as physical condition in longer term. In this context, it is also very much essential for these young adult to attain optimum glycemic control so that they can avoid long-term adverse issue as well as able to improve the enduring functioning of body system. It is the fact that till now there is no specified strategy to attain these objectives; still various researchers have proposed various methods mainly for the young adult with the diabetes to overcome these specific issues.

In accordance to Herold et al.  (2013), transition is one of the most concern area in terms of Type 1 Diabetes and it is not only for the parents and their child or young people but also for the professionals. Orban et al. (2011) stated that during the transition of the adult child or young people, chances of loss are huge due to discouraging of health care system to that particular patient. The pediatric service has to be perfect in terms of providing service to diabetes patients. Difference or lack of consistency in the way of caring patient in the adult service, it has huge chances of loss of a child. Transition process in diabetes care system is very important to teens as well as young adults have need of support with transition mainly because of the fact that they are a susceptible group at risk for loss-to-follow-up care and poor health outcomes. Coppieters et al. (2012) acknowledged that the document, guidance, policy practice, etc. of National health care service have several failing reports in terms of taking care of diabetes patient efficiently. Most of the National Health Care Service providers fail to take care of the young or adult child efficiently in their transition process in respect to entire pediatric service. Van Belle et al. (2011) cited that there are some principle such as follow the meal plan properly, taking insulin regularly, develop a management program, regular exercise, monitor, blood glucose, etc allows for improving the type 1 diabetes condition for the young child and the family members. Therefore, Wherrett et al. (2011) argued that in order to provide better health care service to the type 1 diabetes patients, organization in health care industry has to provide clear transition process over the period. This research topic discussed the methods of transition process that very much helps for taking care of type 1 diabetes for the young adults. Moreover, transition process is very much helpful and effective in order  to taking care of patients. Apart from that, heath care organizations have to provide several transition processes instead of providing one transition to take care of patients. Moran et al. (2013) depicted that due to poor control, low glycemic, gaps in medical care, etc., emerging adults of young people falls under the category of Type 1 Diabetes care. Apart from that, poor care and gaps in medical care also affect badly to the adults in adverse health outcomes. However, it has been seen that the rate of type 1 diabetes is increased day to day in the pediatric populations. Therefore, due to increase of type 1 diabetes in the pediatric population, number of young people and adults transferring their care to adult health care service from the pediatric providers. Therefore, this topic discussed the transitioning to adult care and better control as well as management of the people with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Search Strategy

Searching of literature review is always one of the most effective and thoughtful technique. In order to search the information for conducting literature review regarding type 1 diabetes, researcher search all literature from the published journals and articles as well as book also. Using the key words such as type 1 diabetes, affect of type 1diabetes, reason of transitioning type 1diabetes to adult care, process of better management of type 1 diabetes, medicine that used for managing type 1 diabetes, effective way of controlling type 1 diabetes, etc.  From several library such as Charles Darwin Library of Australia, search for literature. Use computer technology for matching the key word with the exact word phrase to the database.

Breton et al. (2012) argued that the adults with the age of 18 to 30 years are the unique stage of development. According to Wood et al. (2013), the period of adulthood follows precedes and adolescence in their life due to poor care of medicine. Sørensen et al. (2012) acknowledged that modern culture in these days delays the in taking responsibility regarding self-management of people especially the young adults.  It has been often seen that young people avoid taking roles and responsibilities in these modern culture trends such as work, parenting, marriage, etc. Yeung et al. (2011) argued that the emerging adulthood is subdivided into two different parts in an earlier stage such as 18-24 years and 25-30 years age. The young people fall into the category of type 1 diabetes in respect to poor care of chronic as well as the separating geography, economy, and emotions. During this stage, majority of people faces several challenges in terms of lack of self-management regarding diabetes. The transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care associated with high-risk for a person with diabetes, a fundamental period for the duration of which disruption of care is probably for numerous causes. There are also various psychological adjustments during the post-adolescent period of emerging adulthood that could be confounded by financial stressors. The following section elaborates multiples of particular relevance for the emerging young adults with diabetes. These are as follows-

a) Miscommunication between pediatric along with adult care;

b) Underprivileged control of glycemia as well as related risk factor;

c) Fails to monitoring consistent medical care needs;

d) Augmentation of risk factors for heightened complications (factors like loss of parenteral supervision, reduced attendance at diabetes medical visits.etc.)

e) Psychological illness

f) Issues related to reproductive health;

g) Drug abuse, chain smoker, alcoholic;

h) Up-and-coming maturity may be going together with indecision in terms of health insurance coverage after fulfilling educational needs or leaving parenteral home.

Majority of the young adults are overwhelming the special health care service in these days for type 1 diabetes. Therefore, it has been seen that burgeoning the interest in terms of effectiveness and efficiency to the adult medical care team from pediatric for the young patient with type 1 diabetes. However, Ludvigsson et al. (2012) argued that type 1 diabetes is one of the most serious diseases in the childhood as well as common chronic for the children. In the present health care industry, there have been multiple organizations that provide the guideline in order to protect the type 1 diabetes and transition to adults care. Lenartowicz (2012) opined that goods transition is one of the most valuable and useful approaches of transitioning to adult care. The six core practice elements of got transition help in comprising the transition program in the health care services. The transition program of health care service providers assists the patient with the application of each element of got transition to the adult care and pediatric. However, Onengut-Gumuscu et al. (2015) described that the core elements of got transition approach provide the transition policy for the young adults privacy and pediatric patients. Moreover, there are several organizations such as endocrine society; national diabetes educational program, etc. also generated various types of materials that support based on the expert consensus.   Monitoring of glucose is one of the key aspects of controlling type 1 diabetes from the point of view of management related task in the healthcare organization. Apart from that, insulin administration, sick day management, intake of carbohydrate and regular exercise also influenced the young adults through several multiple factors such as pubertal development, stress, growth, etc. Apart from that, in order to manage the problem of Type 1 Diabetes, parents and the family member of young adults has to take responsibility solely. However, when the child matures and grows they have to take responsibility and taking care own self. Heise et al. (2012) cited that as the child matures and grows they have to transfer responsibilities of diabetes from the parents as well as the family member gradually.

Ethical Issues

McCrimmon and Sherwin (2010) acknowledge that the transition process of diabetes care is very much important from the point of view of difficulties.  It has been seen that the majority of patients discharged without taking care properly of their diabetes. Apart from that, Giongo et al. (2011) opined during the age of 24 years of the young adults; the health care service of diabetes patient has transfer from the pediatric to adult care. Due to improvement and advance health care service, majority of young adults take service for treatment of type 1 diabetes instead of taking care from pediatric. These existing findings also assess that there are several aspect that have to main by the patient own self instead of their family members.

Glycemic is one type of attack that affected in the human body based on the ages. Majority of people have been affected by the glycemic attack after the 18 years age. Therefore, majority of young adults and adolescent who are the victims of type 1 diabetes set up the elusive goal in achieving the glycemic control. Several observational and cross-cultural studies have analyzed that the value of HbA1c within the transition in the health care identify the significant difference.

Ratner et al. (2013) argued that several process and health care service are present in order to treatment of type 1 diabetes especially for the young adults that grow and mature. Testing of glucose level in blood is one of the primary care for type 1 diabetes patients. In the body cells, glucose is the main source of energy. Therefore, glucose carries bloodstream to each cell in the body. Apart from that, Ablamunits et al. (2012) suggested that insulin hormone allows the glucose in getting into each cell of the human body. When, the type 1 diabetes attack into the body, the body has not longer insulin. Therefore, glucose is not able to get into the each cell. This is the key and potential reason of rising glucose into the body. Moreover, for the young child diabetes can control. The control condition of diabetes helps in minimizing the long-term health problems prevents the several symptoms such as cutting of the skin with a small touch, etc. Apart from that, control of diabetes of the child or young adults allows for controlling the mental, emotional, physical, as well as the social growth. In order to treat the type 1 diabetes, young adults and the parents of the child has to control the glucose levels. Battelino et al. (2011) argued that take insulin according the doctor prescription will be the best methodology for treating type 1 diabetes in the young adults. Apart from that, patients with type 1 diabetes have to monitor the level of sugar more than three time in a day. Apart from that, young adults with type 1 diabetes have to eat healthy food, and diet as much as possible. Moreover, patients have to pay specific attention to the carbohydrate in the meal, as well as the diabetes in the meal plan (Ceriello et al., 2012). Furthermore, regular physical exercise also is the effective methodology for treatment of type 1 diabetes.   

Budget and Resources

In this particular literature part, researcher described the impact of controlling glycemic that was the main reason of type 1 diabetes for young people.  It has been analysed that people with type 1 diabetes especially the young adults falls into the disease due to several methods such as miscommunication between the adult care and pediatric. Lack of monitoring of this particular disease through medical care is also one of the key risk factor. Chain smoker, drug abuse, excessive alcohol is also the reason of victim of type 1 diabetes for the young adults. However, through discussion, researcher elaborated that there are gaps between the pediatric and adult diabetes that is the potential reason of transferring the health care service from pediatric to adult care.  Apart from that, it has been identified that people especially the young adults’ takes service from health care organisation due to advance technology instead of taking service from pediatric.

The undertaken project reviewed the literature in both ways interventional and observational since starting the work. Apart from that, both the interventional and observational literature are reviewed with the firm focus. Moreover, this study provides various erudition that are very much important for taking care of type 1 diabetes patients (Yardley et al., 2012). In terms of offering good diabetes transition process, several units are striving with the help of involvement of delivery models. This study analysed various topic that related to type 1 diabetes care and the transition to the adult care from pediatric. This study demonstrated that young people transition most to adult care service from the health care organization instead of their patient of the family member rather than the teenagers (Herold et al., 2013). The key gap of their research is that, this study was not able to identify the best outcomes of the transition process to the adult care from pediatric. Moreover, with the described methodology these studies successfully explain about the transition process along with its effectiveness to the adult care. Apart from that, this study demonstrates that transition process is one of the best methodologies for management and controls the issues that relate to type 1 diabetes. The outcome of this study also allows the reader in understanding the process of mitigating issues of type 1 diabetes from kids and adults.

Research methods are important part of defining the appropriate approach in order to attain the details and complete the process. Through the several methods such as deductive, research onion, post-positivism, descriptive, etc. will use to better as well as deeper analysis of collected theories and literature (Russell et al., 2012).

This particular study will use the qualitative descriptive along with the multiple case studies for understanding the type 1 diabetes for kids and young adult. Apart from that, through the multiple case studies and with the help of quantitative research understand the transition process to adult care for better management and control of type 1 diabetes (Sommerville et al. 2013). Deductive research approach will allow the researcher in conducting research based on seconder sources that define the exact issues of pediatric regarding treatment to type 1 diabetes of the young adults.  However, this research needs to more information in terms of completing successfully. Therefore, researcher will use descriptive research design for defining the applied concepts in the detailed manner (Skrivarhaug et al., 2014). Apart from that, researcher also used the primary as well as the secondary resources for gathering information about the reason of transitioning to adult care, control and better management rather than the pediatric.  Researcher will also use the deductive approach for this research topic in order to analysis it in a better way.

Background

In order to collect data, research will conduct interviews with the patient of type 1 diabetes after approval received from the La Trobe University.  For the interpretation of data, researcher will use the descriptive phase of data analysis and collection. For analyzing the transitioning to adult care, better management and control of type 1 diabetes, researcher will use the semi-structured interviews in this particular study. Through the in-depth interview in both individual and group, researcher will collect information that relates to the selected topic. Apart from that, statistical demographic information will also use by the researcher in terms of collecting data or information for this particular study. Apart from that, researcher will use the field notes throughout the study in terms of gathering information. This data collection technique will be useful for communicating with the selected respondents as well as finding information in the better way. However, researcher also never asks any personal question to the respondents that affect emotionally to the patient. Furthermore, researcher will also maintain the replication logic through asking same type of question to the each participant.

This current study will employ the sampling method that best fit or purposeful for the selected participant. The sample for this study will be the people that belong to 18 to 30 years. For this particular study, researcher will only select the simple probability random sampling method. Researcher will use both the online and offline interview process for this particular case study. The people that belong to the 18 to 30 years age will ask several questions and researcher also rank the information based on the treatment quality of each individuals according to their description.

For the quantitative techniques in terms of collecting information from the selected respondents that relate to the reason of transitioning to adult care from pediatric control and better management. The sample size for this study will be 150 people that belong from 18 to 30 years age.

Pickup et al. (2011) acknowledged that data analysis is one the effective process of applying statistical or logical technique systematically. However, analysis of data also helps in describing as well as illustrating the data for developing or conducting the research study successfully. Apart from that, Marhfour et al. (2012) cited that data analysis will also help in relying on the relevance evidence of gathered information. In order to analyze the data in this research work, quantitative data analysis will use by the researcher. It helps in identifying the possibilities that determine the result of the case studies.

During this research, researcher will follow the code of conduct that helps in identifying the right, as well as wrong behaviors.  For analyzing the transitioning to adult care, better management and control of the type 1 diabetes, researcher will maintain the ethical consideration in terms of standardizing the research topic –

Respondent’s involvement: Researcher will try to involve the external influences in this particular topic in terms of taking part in the process of feedback.

Researcher will properly maintain the form of consideration that ensures that respondents will never harass by the researcher (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011).

Literature Review

For this particular study, researcher will gain the information and data from the present tend to the people in terms of taking care of the type 1 diabetes. Apart from that, researcher will avoid the commercial use of data or information that gathered through interviews or survey.

Components	Program Plan				Outcome Plan
	Target Group(s)	Activities	Inputs [Resources]	Outputs [Deliverables]	Learning [Short-term]	Action & Impact [Intermediate]	Impact [Long-term]
Issue statement or problems	students	Intervention of students (Understanding current issues in treatment of type 1 diabetes)	People (respondents that selected for the interview)	Reflection of the paper	Critical thinking on the transition from pediatric to adult care	Develop the transition plan to overcome type 1 diabetes issue	Treatment were uniformed for mitigating issues
Needs or asset of community	faculty	Issues related diabetes in professional development	Vehicles	Interaction of the respondents	Awareness of the learning outcome such as issues, treatment of type 1 diabetes, etc	Increase number of members in order to conduct survey	Information were kept in safe after using it for study purpose
Strategies	faculty	Better management for type 1 diabetes patient	Communication media for online	Project developments	Integrative learning such as gaps between the transition and pediatric	Involve parents to understand the project outcomes	Understanding the effectiveness of transition to adult care better management and control
Assumption	students	Monitoring and controlling in a better way for the young adult with type 1 diabetes	Face to face interview	Learning outcomes of the project	Retention such as management of ethical code of conduct	Consistent type 1 diabetes diagnosis for one year	Pregnant or intent to become pregnant woman during the next three year
Influential factors	students	Issues related type 1 diabetes for kids and adults	Service	Certification from the La Torbe University	Decision making based on evidence such as use of insulin regularly due to decrease blood pressure	Subjects Within the ages of 17 and 20 years	Prior to enrolment in the current study
Desired results	faculty	Treatment plan for type 1 diabetes	Facilities	Data collection tools and techniques	Awareness of people about the transition process for type 1 diabetes	Should be able to participate in all aspects of this clinical trial	Prior to enrolment of a sibling in the current study
Activities	faculty	Treatment options of type 1 diabetes	Costs of project	Data analysis procedures	Community practice such as surveys over the people who belong from 18 to 30 years age	Concisely written, informed consent/assent must be obtained and documented	Current participation in another clinical trial or participation in another clinical trial in the 6 months prior to enrolment
Impact	students	Gap between the transition to adult care and pediatric	Project development	Issues related type 1 diabetes	Increased the member of type 1 diabetes attack patient	At least 1 visit during the previous year with the pediatric endocrinologist at one of the three associating Diabetes Clinics
Resources	faculty	Analyses the gathered information	Equipment	Treatment of type 1 diabetes	Survey to gauge the parents of kids that affected by the type 1 diabetes

Step

Date Start

Date Finish

06-05-2015

13-05-2015

20-05-2015

27-05-2015

03-06-2015

10-06-2015

17-06-2015

24-06-2015

01-07-2015

08-07-2015

15-07-2015

22-07-2015

29-07-2015

05-08-2015

12-08-2015

19-08-2015

26-08-2015

02-09-2015

09-09-2015

16-09-2015

23-09-2015

30-09-2015

07-10-2015

14-10-2015

21-10-2015

28-10-2015

04-11-201

11-11-2015

18-11-2015

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Reflection on what interest me

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1st draft identifying the Preliminary Area of Interest

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Justification of its scholarly interest

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Justification of practical interest

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2nd draft identifying the Preliminary Area of Interest

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Justification of its scholarly interest

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Justification of practical interest

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Identification of topic focused

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Selection of initial research area

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Identification of goal of the study

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Identification of objectives of the study

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Preparing background of the study

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Conduct a Review of the Literature

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Collect secondary sources relates to research

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Peer review article

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Gathering concept

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Analysis the impact of glycemic control

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Analysis pf pediatric diabetes

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Modelling the gaps between pediatric and adult diabetes

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Understand the treatment of type 1 diabetes

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Describe treatment of type 1 diabetes

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Referred publication on type 1 diabetes

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Referred publication on modelling of storage and empirical results

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Develop your Research Design

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Participant

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Research Methodology

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Research Procedures

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Quality Control

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Self-assessment of the draft

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Plan, Conduct, and Manage the Study

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System for data monitor filtering

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Design the project rationale

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Design the research according to guideline of study

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Described data collection Procedure

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Mention sampling technique and sample size

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Explain the way of data analysis

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Demonstrates ethical feedback

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Design project logical model

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Formation of rough draft

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Submission of final work

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Within this project, there were three types of stakeholders such as primary stakeholders, secondary stakeholders and key stakeholders. Peimary stakeholders for this project were the selected respondents more specifically the particular population of this project.  Secondary stakeholders for this project will be the parents, children, siblings, etc (Sherry et al., 2011). The last one key stakeholder for this project will the people that belongs from 18 to 30 years age.

The interest of primary stakeholders on both sides of the equation such as treatment process for the type 1 diabetes, issues related to type 1 diabetes, etc. The interest of the secondary group for this study handles the domestic voalnce.

Ethics or moral is essential within the organization that helps in distinguishing between the right as well as wrong. According to Eizirik et al. (2012) the researcher has taken into consideration the norms as well as codes of conduct that the researcher has adopted for completion of the project. This also takes into consideration the legal rules that the societies adopt in order to follow ethical as well as moral standards. The procedures and the methods that are adopted by the researcher need to be as per the codes of conduct of the university as well as the codes of conduct of the society. Mathiesen et al. (2012) commented on the fact that the researcher need to ethical while collecting the data from the patients as well as the doctors. No modification of the data is to be done keeping in mind the ethics and codes of conduct. In addition to thus, Bellin (2012) had an opinion that the researcher need to do this research work on his own keeping in mind that no tables and figures can be taken from any published sources as it is against the laws. Moreover, if any sources are taken, that needs to be referenced properly. Apart from this, human rights also need to be considered and no such offensive and unethical thing that can affect the sentiments of the people cannot be published by the researcher.

This particular project evaluate several information in order to support the selected topic such as process of transition, gaps between transition and pediatric, etc. Apart from that, this particular project delivers several methods such as kids as well as adult issues related to type 1 diabetes, treatment of those issues, etc. The main thing that identifies in this topic is the process of transition to adult care, better control and management. The resultant measure used to calculate sample size is the proportion of subjects those who are fail to attend diabetes clinic visits during the 2^nd year after transformation to adult care. A 50% relative reduction in non-attendance rate is found in the control group.

While conducting this research work, the researcher has faced a lot of problem regarding the risk while completing this research work successfully. According to the opinion of Impaired (2011) the risk such as financial risk is one of the major risk that the researcher has faced since the progress of the project. In addition to this, other risk such as time risk is also important to remember. The time limitation has made the researcher in fast progression of the research work. From the view point of Thomas et al. (2011) secondary sources such as journals, articles etc are used for collection of data. A large number of patients cannot be included for interviewing them regarding their problems. So, data that are collected from the secondary sources are used for accomplishment of this research work.

In addition to Birkeland et al. (2011) also commented that the researcher also need to keep in mind the different controversies and criticisms that can occur after the research work gets submitted. The research guide may also create risk to the researcher by adding other information that will be difficult for the researcher to collect.

Resources: For this project, two type of resources will be used such as primary and secondary. Secondary resources will use for generating more information for developing the study. On the other hand, primary resource will use for conducting the study in a specific way (Richardson et al., 2013). However, in order to secure the resources, researcher will submit the entre document to the university after completing the study.

Activities	Type	Amount ($)	Direct intangible costs ($)	Total intangible costs ($)	Upper funding ($)	Contribution ($)
Research Activities	Equipment	900	264	1164	50	700
	Personnel	400	215	615	50	352
	Subcontracting	200	162	362	50	45
	Materials	150	0	150	50	25
Other Activities	Training	150	25	75	80	60
	Management	75	25	75	80	60
	Other	25	25	75	80	60
Total		$1750	$716	$2516	$440	$1302

References

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Atkinson, M. A., Eisenbarth, G. S., and Michels, A. W. (2014). Type 1 diabetes.The Lancet, 383(9911), 69-82.

Barnard, K., Parkin, C., Young, A., and Ashraf, M. (2012). Use of an automated bolus calculator reduces fear of hypoglycemia and improves confidence in dosage accuracy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with multiple daily insulin injections. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 6(1), 144-149.

Battelino, T., Phillip, M., Bratina, N., Nimri, R., Oskarsson, P., and Bolinder, J. (2011). Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care, 34(4), 795-800.

Bellin, M. D., Barton, F. B., Heitman, A., Harmon, J. V., Kandaswamy, R., Balamurugan, A. N., ... and Hering, B. J. (2012). Potent Induction Immunotherapy Promotes Longâ€ÂTerm Insulin Independence After Islet Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(6), 1576-1583.

Birkeland, K. I., Home, P. D., Wendisch, U., Ratner, R. E., Johansen, T., Endahl, L. A., ... and Meneghini, L. F. (2011). Insulin Degludec in Type 1 Diabetes A randomized controlled trial of a new-generation ultra-long-acting insulin compared with insulin glargine. Diabetes Care, 34(3), 661-665.

Breton, M., Farret, A., Bruttomesso, D., Anderson, S., Magni, L., Patek, S., ... and Kovatchev, B. (2012). Fully integrated artificial pancreas in type 1 diabetes modular closed-loop glucose control maintains near normoglycemia. Diabetes,61(9), 2230-2237.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 201.

Ceriello, A., Novials, A., Ortega, E., La Sala, L., Pujadas, G., Testa, R., ... and Giugliano, D. (2012). Evidence that hyperglycemia after recovery from hypoglycemia worsens endothelial function and increases oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy control subjects and subjects with type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, 61(11), 2993-2997.

Coppieters, K. T., Dotta, F., Amirian, N., Campbell, P. D., Kay, T. W., Atkinson, M. A., ... and von Herrath, M. G. (2012). Demonstration of islet-autoreactive CD8 T cells in insulitic lesions from recent onset and long-term type 1 diabetes patients. The Journal of experimental medicine, 209(1), 51-60.

Eizirik, D. L., Sammeth, M., Bouckenooghe, T., Bottu, G., Sisino, G., Igoillo-Esteve, M., ... and Cnop, M. (2012). The human pancreatic islet transcriptome: expression of candidate genes for type 1 diabetes and the impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PLoS genetics, 8(3), e1002552.

Giongo, A., Gano, K. A., Crabb, D. B., Mukherjee, N., Novelo, L. L., Casella, G., ... and Triplett, E. W. (2011). Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes. The ISME journal, 5(1), 82-91.

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