Forensic Science Essay: Questions And Answers.

a. Propose the type of sampling (from the left column of the table below) to be used foreach of the five different exhibits (in right column of the table) to best respond to the question of whether a controlled drug is present in the said exhibit.

Explain your choice(s) for the type of sampling for each exhibit. You may choose the same type of sampling multiple times. You do not need to use all types of sampling.

Type of sampling available	Exhibits
(A) Select one tablet (B) Select five tablets (C) Select tablets according to hypergeometric sampling plan (D) Select 10 percent of tablets (E) Select 50 percent of tablets (F) Take all tablets	(1) 50 pharmaceutical tablets containing diazepam (2) 5 tablets look illicitly manufactured and containing JWH-018 (3) 30 tablets each marked “5” on one side and “028” on the other side and containing nimetazepam (4) 100 unmarked tablets containing paracetamol (5) 200 tablets each containing a mixture of methylone, ketamine and AM-2201

b. Explainthe advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of non-statistical and statistical sampling, by providing 

Describe the general process of urine testing for controlled drugs in the laboratory and identify the relevant procedures the laboratory should take in order to comply with the testing procedure as stipulated under section 31 of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap.185).

Analyse the following reported facts:

In a sexual assault case that occurred in a hotel room, the victim reported that her attacker licked and raped her. In the following scuffle, she was able to injure him using his own knife, after which he ran away.

Describe in detail and explain:

a. whichexhibits are to be collected and all the laboratory tests which are to be conducted on the different collected exhibits; and

b. theprocedures which the scene-of-crime-officer needs to follow when collecting the evidence.

Identify, in detail, the challenges a DNA analyst has in the interpretation of DNA profiles.

Analyse the following facts:

Mr Goh of Company A reported to the police that he suspected the business contract between him and Mr Lee of Company B had been altered. He claimed that paragraph 10 about profit shares on page 3 of the contract was not present when he signed the document.

The police sent the document to you, and as a Forensic Document examiner, you found that: 

• Thecontract comprises 3 pages with a total of 10 paragraphs;
• All3 pages were printed on Company A letterhead;
• The3 sheets of paper are stapled together;
• MrGoh and Mr Lee initialled on the bottom portions of page 1 and page 2 of the contract;
• MrGoh and Mr Lee signed on the middle portion of page 3 of the contract;
• OneCompany A stamp impression and one Company B stamp impression on page 3 of the contract; 

Formulate your explanations on the types of examinations you will conduct and state the reason(s) why you would conduct these.

Drug Testing

1. a. In order to identify of a controlled substance, two tests must be performed. One test is a screening or presumptive test and the other test is an instrumental or confirmatory test. The tests are conducted to confirm the presence of drug in the sample by comparing it with a known standard of that drug.

Exhibit (1) matches A as it contains pharmaceutical preparations, hence, the administrative sample selection shall be used. Since there is no presence of amphetamine and opiates, it does not require a weight and any recorded weight is not required to be reported.

Exhibit (2) matches B and Threshold sample selection shall be used as sufficient material is present to satisfy the statutory threshold and there is a possibility of individual analysis of the units.

Exhibit (3) matches C and hypergeometric sampling plan shall be used as there is sufficient material that meets the statutory threshold but analysis of the units is not practicable. If analysis confirms presence of controlled substance, the average weight of the three analyzed units shall be determined.

Exhibit (4) matches D and statutory threshold sampling plan shall be used as there is sufficient material to meet the statutory threshold and it is not practicable to analyze the units.

Exhibit (5) matches E and Hyper geometric sampling plan shall be used as although sufficient material to meet the statutory threshold but it is not practicable to analyze the units. Further, this sample is used to inspect the size, weight, tampering of the exhibits. 

b. The advantages of statistical sampling is that it enables the auditor to design an efficient sample; evaluate the sample results quantitatively and assess the authenticity and adequacy of the evidence obtained. A statistical sampling uses the probability of laws in order to measure the sampling risk. The disadvantages of statistical sampling as the result are presented as range of values or figures instead of one answer. The sampling process involves several steps and if such processes are not done correctly, it may lead to invalid or incorrect results.

Any sampling procedure that does not measure risks is known as non-statistical sampling process. It is advantageous mainly because it involves simple evaluation, low sample selection expenses and cost of training is lower than the processes involved in the statistical sampling plan. However, it suffers from deficiencies such as it is haphazard, increase in the training expenses and ready availability of computers have also mitigated.

2. Urine testing- a urine drug test is usually conducted to determine whether there is a presence of certain illegal drugs in the body of the concerned persons. Under section 31 of the Misuse of Drugs Act if any officer or immigration officer or police officer not below the rank of sergeant reasonably suspects any person o have committed an offence under section 8(b) of the Act, that person is required to provide a specimen of his urine for conducting urine tests under this section. The laboratory specialists shall divide the specimen of the urine into three parts. A preliminary urine tests shall be conducted on part of the urine specimen and each of the remaining 2 parts of the urine specimen shall be marked and sealed and a urine test shall be conducted by either an analyst employed by the Health Science Authority or any person authorized by Minister. The regulatory procedures that must be followed by the laboratory include the regulations related to:

1. Urine tests and sample
2. Procurement of the urine sample
3. Collection and delivery of the urine samples and preparing security arrangements

Urine Testing Procedure for Controlled Drugs

As per First Schedule with respect to the procurement of urine specimen, the suspect shall be provided with a master bottle. The containers shall contain the name and NRIC or other ID of the suspect which shall be duly signed by the suspect. The officer shall deposit the container to the HSA. The laboratory officers shall perform the Presumptive tests in order to detect drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, morphine, thereafter, the rapid test shall be conducted using GC-MS or LC-MS/MS and majority of samples that shows negative results for drug abuse shall be eliminated. By using the Mass Spectrometer (MS) it forms the basis for identifying the drugs as it compares the drug with a reference drug material. The test results are supervised by the analysts and the analyst-in charge analyses and construe the test outcomes. If any controlled drug is found in the urine tests conducted under section 31(4)(b), the person shall be presumed o have consumed controlled drug which amounts to violation of section 8(b) of the Act.

3. a. Under the given scenario, the exhibits that are to be collected include the following:

1. Knife
2. Blood droplets
3. Saliva
4. Semen

The laboratory tests which are to be conducted on the above collected different exhibits include

1. DNA profiling
2. Semen confirmatory test
3. DNA test of blood droplets on the knife
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PLC) for analyzing saliva

b. The scene-of-crime-officer must be methodical while collecting evidence from the crime scene. The officer must ensure that the crime scene is secured and the evidences at the crime scene are protected from being contaminated. The officer shall safeguard biological evidences as they are likely to get contaminated faster than the physical evidences. Such evidences must be properly sealed and transferred or delivered to the laboratory safely and any third person shall be prevented from tampering with such evidences.

4. Although forensic science plays an important role in resolving crimes and assists the courts to administer justice to the victim, the forensic aspect suffers from certain deficiencies. There have been instances where individuals have been wrongly convicted owing to various reasons. The forensic scientists often experience a cultural clash between law and science. In other words, the legal community uses previous judgments or precedence in their arguments whereas the scientific community relies on the future improvements. Further the legal community is more concerned with the final and absolute decisions that is, guilty or not-guilty court decisions.

On the other hand, the scientific community performs their tasks without any certainty that is; they function rarely with the probabilities of 0 or 1. Furthermore, it has been observed that often the scientists and the lawyers talk past each other merely because they fail to appreciate any significant or subtle difference in the meaning of any phrase or word. For instance, the term ‘validity or validation’ can be interpreted differently by lawyers as compared to the forensic practitioner and scientists.

The essential element that the scientist involves in any case is the correct interpretation of the observations and it is considered as the cornerstone of forensic science. This procedure is fundamental as it adds value to the forensic process. According to Louis Pasteur, chance favors the prepared minds in the observation procedure. DNA analysis is one of the most useful forensic disciplines. The DNA profiling enables the forensic scientists to detect the accused in violent crimes such as rape and murder. The interpretation of all the forensic evidence entails comparing question results with known references and this comparison depends on the result quality that is obtained from the evidence and samples collected from the crime scene.

Examination of Body Fluids

The challenges that are faced while conducting DNA analysis include the sample backlogs and inappropriate data interpretation. The expert system data review and laboratory automation as well as stringent acceptance policies can be used to reduce sample backlogs. The crime investigators often provide numerous items to the forensic scientists without thinking whether such items would be probati. Data interpretation errors are most likely to take place under situations which involves DNA mixtures from three or more individuals, with low-template DNA touch samples, in particular. The inconvenience in dealing with DNA interpretation of complex mixtures results in reproducible results that are obtained from several forensic laboratories and/or forensic laboratories.

5. The crime investigator may obtain important information from the documents related to any civil or criminal case. The discipline of forensic document examination is known as ‘questioned documents’. The questioned document includes contracts, wills, seals, stamps, machine-generated documents. In this given scenario, the questioned document include contract that was entered into between Mr. Goh of Company A and Mr. Lee of Company B. Mr. Goh claimed that paragraph 10 about profit shares that was stipulated on page 3 of the contract was not present when the document was signed by him.

In order to conduct forensic examination of the documents evidence may be collected from the stamp impression, using an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDC) which is used to detect indented impression that is not visible to the naked eyes. Any form of alterations and erasures that is not visible to the naked human eye can be often detected using photography and other imaging devices that uses infrared and ultraviolet wave length of light to detect such alterations and erasures. The contract between the contracting parties entails a stamp impression which can be identified using the detection device.

In order to assist the examiner to detect the same, any suspected device that is related to the questioned document must be provided to the examiner, such as rubber stamps, printing devices, sealing devices or any other form of devices. The alteration of paragraph 10 in the contract can be detected using the EDC and an imaging instrument such as a video spectral comparator (VSC). It would reveal writing, if it has been added with a different ink or has been altered or removed by distorting the difference that exists in the way different ink respond to the different wavelengths of the light.

The printing process used to create the contract can be identified from the typewriter, laser printers, and photocopier and fax machines. While conducting examinations, forensic document examiners must possess known specimens to compare the material in question. For determining the contract which has been printed, the examiner may rely on the various databases created for the purpose of comparing with the material in question. The contract being machine printed documents; the machine itself must be submitted for examination.

Both the parties to the contract have signed the contract and in order to examine the handwriting, the investigator should obtain writing samples which are similar to the document in question. Not every person writes machine-like precision every time and there remains certain variations in the handwriting of the person even with the same document. Here the signature of both the parties that is present in the pages of the contract shall be examined.

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