Calculating Sample Volume And Methyl-n-amyl Ketone Concentration In Workplace Air Essay.

Your pre-sampling and post-sampling pump calibrations using a primary standard are both 0.05 L/min. You collect personal samples on two employees working in the operation. The samples are collected for 430 minutes (Sample 1) and 440 minutes (Sample 2).

Calculate the sample volumes for each of the samples.

The laboratory reports that the front section of Sample 1 contains 5.000 pg of methyl n-amyl ketone and the back section contains 200 pg of methyl n-amyl ketone. The front section of Sample 2 contains 4.000 pg of methyl n-amyl ketone and the back section contains 50 pg of methyl n-amyl ketone. Neither the front nor back sections of the field blank you supplied contain any detectable levels of methyl n-amyl ketone.

1. Calculate the concentrations of the two personal samples in pg/L and mg/m'.

2. Convert the result to ppm (MN for methyl n-amyl ketone = 114.2).

3. Show all the steps for your calculations.

You then reference OSHA's Table Z-1 and find that the 8-hour TWA PEL for methyl n-amyl ketone is 100 ppm

Discuss how the results of the two personal samples you collected compare to the OSHA PEL. and describe the sampling method you implemented.

You also look up the ACGH TLV for methyl n-amyl ketone and find that the TLV is 50 ppm as an 8-hour TWA exposure.

Discuss how the results for the two personal samples compare to the ACCH TLV.

Discuss whether you would recommend comparing the results of your sampling to the OSHA PEL or the ACGIH TLV. Include your rationale for the choice. and explain how you would rationalize your choice to your employer.

 Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produced the following 8-hour Time-weighted average (TWA) results for individual metal fumes.

 

(R) Respirable fraction (I) hhalable fraction

Briefly summarize the primary health effects associated with overexposure to each type of metal fume. including both acute and chronic health effects. Explain what analytical methods you would use for evaluating health hazards in the workplace.

Identify the types of metal fumes that would produce similar health effects on an exposed worker. Calculate the equivalent exposure (in relation to OSHA PELS) for the metal fumes with similar health effects based on the -Result" column in the table above. Discuss whether you believe any of the individual metal fume exposures or the combined exposure exceeds an OSHA PEL or an ACGIH TLV.  

1.Compound: Methyl-n-amyl ketone (2-Heptanone)

Sample Volumes;

Flow Rate; 0.05 L/min

Sample 1; (430/1)*0.05L=21.5L

Sample 2; (440/1)*0.05L=22L

Concentrations of personal samples in mg/L and mg/m³

C = (W_f + W_b - B_f – B_b) / V where W_f: analyte found in sample front

  W_b: analyte found in sample back

  B_f: average media blank front

  B_f: average media blank back

In mg/L

Sample 1; (5000+200-0-0) / 21.5= 241.86046512mg/L

Sample 2; (4000+50-0-0) / 22= 184.09090941mg/L

In mg/L

Since mg/L=mg/L,

Sample 1=241.86046512mg/L

Sample 2=184.09090941 mg/L

In ppm

X ppm= (Y mg/L * 24.45) / M.W

M.W of C₇H₁₄O = 114.19

Sample 1; (241.86046512*24.45) / 114.19= 51.79 ppm

Sample 2; (184.0909091*24.45) / 114.19= 39.42 ppm

c.Comparison of NIOSH REL to OSHA PEL methods in concentration (in pm) results

Maximum Exposure Limit; NIOSH REL=100ppm

OSHA PEL= 100ppm

Both samples where within the range of the two methods.

Sampling method implemented; Calibration of each personal sampling pump with sampler in line, breaking the ends of the sampler immediately prior to sampling, attaching the sampler to personal sampling pump with flexible tubing and sampling at a known flow rate (0.05 L/min) (Bloomfield, Exner, Signorelli, & Scott, 2013).

Concentration (in pm) results of samples using ACGIH TLV method

Maximum Exposure Limit for ACGIH TLV; 50ppm

Thus, Sample 1 (51.79ppm) exceeded the maximum limit while Sample 2 (39.42ppm) was within range.

NIOSH 2553 method: This method was developed as part of an update of NIOSH Method 130 which combined the NIOSH Methods: the 2nd edition of the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods.

Major improvements over ACGIH TLV includes: lower LOD/LOQ values, improved DE recovery results (at lower levels) by using Anasorb CMS and 2% IPA in CS₂, a 30 day storage stability study, and the replacement of the packed column with a Rtx-200 fused silica capillary column (Bloomfield, Stanwell-Smith, Crevel, & Pickup, 2006)

2: Homework Assignment

Primary Health Effects of Metal Fumes

Metal Fume	Similar metal	Health Effect
		Acute	Chronic
Sb	Cd	Irritation to eyes, skin & lungs	Potentiate pneumoconiosis
Be	Cu, Al	“Metal fume Fever”	Damage of respiratory tract
Cd	Cd, Zn alloys	Irritation of respiratory System	Kidney damages and emphysema
Cr(VI)	Steel	Respiratory tract infections	Dermatitis and
Cu	Brass	Irritation to eyes, skin & lungs	Prolonged fever
Fe(oxides)	Steel	Irritation to eyes, skin & lungs	Siderosis
Mg(oxides)		Nausea and vomiting	Prolonged fever
Mo	Ni alloys	Irritation to eyes, skin & lungs	Shortness of breath
Ni	Inconel	Irritation to eyes, skin & lungs	Increased cancer risk
Zn(oxides)	Galvanized metal	“Metal fume Fever”	Alteration of zinc metabolism and bio distribution

Analytical Methods for evaluation of health hazards in workplace; Atomic Absorption (AAS/AES) & Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) (Luby, et al., 2005).

Equivalent metal fumes exposure;

E= C/OSHA PEL

Metal fume	Equivalent Exposure (E)
Sb	(0.05/0.5)=0.1
Be	(0.00001/0.002)=0.005
Cd	(0.025/0.1)=0.25
Cr(VI)	(0.02/1) =0.02
Cu	(0.03/0.1) =0.3
Fe (oxides)	(0.5/10) =0.05
Mg (oxides)	(0.02/15) =0.0013
Mo	(0.003/15) =0.0002
Ni	(0.25/1) =0.25
Zn (oxides)	(0.3/5) =0.006

References

Bloomfield, S. F., Stanwell-Smith, R., Crevel, R. W., & Pickup, J. (2006). Too clean, or not too clean: the Hygiene Hypothesis and home hygiene. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 402–425.

Bloomfield, S., Exner, M., Signorelli, C., & Scott, E. A. (2013). Effectiveness of laundering processes used in domestic (home) settings. US: International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene.

Luby, S., Agboatalla, M., Feikin, D., Painter, J., Billhimmer, W., Atref, A., & Hoekstra, R. M. (2005). Effect of hand-washing on child health: a randomized control trial. Lancet, 225–33.