Animal Testing In Medicine: Is It Still Necessary?

"Considering recent advance in Medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical sciences it is no longer necessary or justifiable to subject animal to intrusive testing" To what extent do you agree with this statement ?

Discussion

It is no longer reasonable or essential to subject animals to intrusive testing considering the development that have happened in technology and medicine. I strongly agree with this statement and I would highly advise researchers and scientists to apply the other alternative testing techniques. In the world, we are living today technology has advanced and it can be applied in the form of simulation programs and modeling to test drugs and substances instead of subjecting animals to this cruel and hostile treatment. Since the period where humans started looking for cure and treatment of various ailments, they have used animals in their research. The early Greek scientists such as Erasistratus (304 -258BC) and Aristotle (384 – 322BC) performed several experiments on living animals during their research work. Subjecting animals to testing is very harmful since it the animals are exposed to toxic chemical substances and radiation (Adams, 2018).  The animals are used instead of humans and it is mostly animals whose genetic makeup closely resembles that of humans that suffer this inhumane treatment.

In this new era where technology has advanced, doctors should use alternative testing techniques instead of subjecting animals to intrusive testing.  This paper is a discussion of why the practice of intrusive testing of animals during research and education should stop. The animals are living organisms with feelings, although they cannot express them, researchers and scientists should not intentionally harm them by testing new drugs on them (Mak et al, 2014, p114). The advanced technology can be used to develop simulation programs that can give an accurate representation of how a certain drug will work.

The main reason scientists and researchers test drugs and chemicals on animals is to ensure that humans are safe and they won't experience lethal effects of drugs. Scientists argue that they have no intention of hurting animals during the experiments they are only trying to ensure that the drugs they develop will be safe for human consumption. In the past, this excuse could be accepted since the scientists did not have alternative ways to test their drugs and animals seemed to be the most appropriate choice.  However, with the advancement of technology doctors can successfully test and analyze the performance of a drug without necessarily doing harm to the animal. It is really unethical for a scientist to infect an animal with a disease with the aim of checking if his invented drug will cure the disease. There are concerns that the drug may not work on the animal or it might have harmful side effects. To avoid all this we should encourage the use of technology to test new drugs. The animals cannot express their feelings and don't have free will, therefore, the scientists normally exploit them by testing toxic substances on them (Singer, 2017, p 10).  In 1975 the Society for Protection and Care of Animals (SPCA) started an initiative to stop research performed on animals. These science research procedures cause both physical and mental pain and stress to the animals and this should be an important concern from an ethical point of view.

Statistics of the animal using in experimental research

Doctors and scientists believe that testing drugs on animals is the best way to determine is a drug is going to work and also determine any possible behavior the drug can catalyze. In this case, the humans who are the main target of the drug will be safe from any side effects of the drug. However, the animal will have to suffer any failure of the drug for the sake of humans. As much as we consider human race to be superior to the other species, we should not subject them to hostility even in situations where alternatives exist. I strongly recommend the doctors and researchers to implement the 3R principle which stands for replacing, refining and reducing.  They should replace the animal testing techniques with animal-free methods in research. Animal Free Research UK is funding scientists, such as Professor Geoff Pilkington of Portsmouth University, to eliminate the use of animals in biomedical research. Human volunteers, use of primary human cell tissues, use of plants, microorganisms, biochemical and biophysical analytical methods and computer technology can efficiently replace the animal-based techniques.

The second principle of refining ensures that for the cases where animal use in research cannot be avoided, optimum welfare conditions of the individual animal are maintained. Unnecessary physical and mental pain and stress should be avoided during the research procedure. The reducing principle implies that in the same case where animal test cannot be avoided then the scientists should use few animals as possible during each trial. Anyone with moral ethics and conscious should realize that it is not ethical to make animals suffer, die or even destroy their genes for the sake of research (De Waal, 2016). This can be avoided since the advanced technology we have to day offers so many alternatives to animal test techniques.

 The statistics of the animals that die during the scientific research tests is very high. Research shows that more than 100 million animals die every year due to the animal research methods (Leist et al, 2014). This is really a catalyst for animal extinction from the face of the earth for the sake of safeguarding humanity.  Scientists and doctor may view the death of animals during these experiments as a sacrifice for humans but from an ethical point of view this is killing or should I say murder (Eysenck, 2017).  In the United States, the government spends $16 billion every year for animal testing and all this funding comes from the taxpayers (LaFollette and Shanks, 2016). This is mismanagement of public funds which could be put into other productive initiatives and alternatives to improve the welfare of the citizens. I am not saying it is bad to spend money on research but the research methods practiced should be ethical to both the humans and nature at large. According to a survey done in the Netherlands, more than 600, 000 animal experiments were carried out in the country in the year 2009(Forman et al, 2015, p 234). The animals involved in these experiments most of them die and experience physical and mental harm. The same trend continues in the various countries around the world putting a very large amount of animals into the hostile treatment (Delude, 2015, p 527). The animals are part of nature and should be safeguarded against any brutal and destructive activities.

Conclusion and Recommendations

 Research that relies on animal tests should be eliminated since the animals are not an accurate representation of humans. The genetic make-up of some animals may be closely related to that of humans but it does not guarantee that any drug that works on animals will work exactly the same way in humans. We have so many drugs that have proven to be effective and safe in animals but they have failed in humans or they have caused significant harmful effects or death to humans. It is therefore pointless to subject animals to the intrusive tests and the drugs backfire when they are applied to humans (Reisinger et al, 2015, p 250). Human volunteers, use of primary human cell tissues, use of plants, microorganisms, biochemical and biophysical analytical methods and computer technology can efficiently replace the animal-based techniques. These tests will reduce the risks of drugs failing when they are applied to humans. It is so unethical for researchers to expose animals to toxic substances just to test if they will be safe for humans and these tests become unnecessary when drugs that proved safe to animals become harmful to humans.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The practice of subjecting animals to intrusive testing is not ethical and it should be eliminated in the biomedical sector. Exposing the animals to toxic substances and both physical and mental harm is against professional ethics. Statistics show that a very large number of animals die from this exercise and this will really affect the balance of nature negatively. Initiatives and policies should be put in place by governments and the local sector to regulate the animal tests in research.

 I recommend that we use the advanced technology at our disposal as an alternative instead of carrying out animal test research.  Human volunteers, use of primary human cell tissues, use of plants, microorganisms, biochemical and biophysical analytical methods and computer technology can efficiently replace the animal-based techniques (Doke and Dhawale, 2015, p 225). These alternatives have the potential of being very effective techniques in research and have proven to have high accuracy levels in research. Therefore, it is no longer reasonable or essential to subject animals to intrusive testing considering the development that have happened in technology and medicine

Adams, C.J., 2018. Neither man nor beast: Feminism and the defense of animals. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Api, A.M., Belsito, D., Bruze, M., Cadby, P., Calow, P., Dagli, M.L., Dekant, W., Ellis, G., Fryer, A.D., Fukayama, M. and Griem, P., 2015. Criteria for the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.(RIFM) safety evaluation process for fragrance ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 82, pp.S1-S19.

Delude, C.M., 2015. The details of disease. Nature, 527(7576), p.S14.

Jackson, S.L., 2015. Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning.

De Waal, F., 2016. Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are?. WW Norton & Company.

Doke, S.K. and Dhawale, S.C., 2015. Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 23(3), pp.223-229.

Eysenck, H., 2017. The biological basis of personality. Routledge.

Forman, H.J., Augusto, O., Brigelius-Flohe, R., Dennery, P.A., Kalyanaraman, B., Ischiropoulos, H., Mann, G.E., Radi, R., Roberts II, L.J., Vina, J. and Davies, K.J., 2015. Even free radicals should follow some rules: a guide to free radical research terminology and methodology. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 78, pp.233-235.

LaFollette, H. and Shanks, N., 2016. Brute Science: Dilemmas Animal. Routledge.

Leist, M., Hasiwa, N., Rovida, C., Daneshian, M., Basketter, D., Kimber, I., Clewell, H., Gocht, T., Goldberg, A., Busquet, F. and Rossi, A.M., 2014. Consensus report on the future of animal-free systemic toxicity testing.

Mak, I.W., Evaniew, N. and Ghert, M., 2014. Lost in translation: animal models and clinical trials in cancer treatment. American journal of translational research, 6(2), p.114.

Reisinger, K., Hoffmann, S., Alépée, N., Ashikaga, T., Barroso, J., Elcombe, C., Gellatly, N., Galbiati, V., Gibbs, S., Groux, H. and Hibatallah, J., 2015. Systematic evaluation of non-animal test methods for skin sensitisation safety assessment. Toxicology in Vitro, 29(1), pp.259-270.

Singer, P., 2017. All animals are equal. In Animal Rights (pp. 3-16). Routledge.