S.NO | Details | Specification |
1 | Site area | 1609 m2 |
2 | Tower building area | 3895 m2 |
3 | Basement area | 2010 m2 |
4 | Storey | 6 |
5 | Apartments | 39 |
6 | Car spaces | 54 (26- Level B1 and 26- Level B2) |
Smoke Detection:The functionality of smoke detection and alarm circuits has been mentioned in part one of E2.2a. These requirements include the following:
In several cases the inner pressure of the buildings is comparatively high rather than outside. This is a general case that inside the building the temperature is relatively high when compared to outside. When air heats up, it will cause a difference in pressure. The hot air from the building tends to move outwards (Klason, Andersson, Johansson & van Hees, 2011). If the difference in pressure is small then air flow takes place through an opening i.e. upper part allows the air flow outwards whereas, the inner part supports the inflow of air. If the difference in pressure is very high, then the situation will be the vice versa of the previous situation.
There are about 4100 fire incidents happening annually around the world in the residential building but the reason is still not known exactly. This does not avoid that the fire service will be confronted with fires in these types of dwellings in future. One of the important causes of developing fire would be the window pane. The mechanical strength of the glass increases with the increase in the thermal properties. Ventilation controlled fires are expected to be more common. The sudden failure happens with the opening of the doors and windows could lead a situation of back draft within a few seconds that could be a dangerous situation for the fire fighters (Nilsson & van Hees, 2012). However, several recent studies, of which one of them was presented during the 6th National Congress Fire Safety Engineering, suggests that as a result of the new building strategies the pane behaviour might be affected by the pressure build-up generated by the fire. Having a thorough knowledge about this is very essential for the safety of the occupants.
The susceptibility for the cyclone could be determined by the probability for the cyclone to occur, the nature’s shifting as well as the damage that could occur due to the occurrence. If a building cannot withstand the high winds then they are said to be vulnerable (Richards, 2008). These building could be made up of lightweight structure such as wood frames mainly in certain old buildings where the woods have worsened and became weak. It is necessary to construct the compartment with the high quality and reinforced material. Especially people living near the costal lands and near the river flood plains should have a high degree of exposure of lands. Certain settlement patterns could bring "funnel effect", which maximizes the speed of the wind among the building leading to a high damage.
The sufficient effort for the design of the structure could be obtained if the annual probability of expedience, the site hazard rate, the soil conditions and the height of the building are all known.
The cyclone wind forces could sometimes completely pull a building from the ground. A cyclone resistant building should have a stronger foundation when the building is very light. If these rules were ignored then the building could have a short span when subjected to cyclone conditions.
The load could be relieved from building if there is a loss of cladding. There are several cases in which the sustainability of the building could increase due to the wind loads that lead to the loss of cladding. Figure 4 shows the foundation that has been pulled out from the building
The seismic hazard completely controls the design of reinforced concrete frames. When this is ignored (although in areas that has a least natural disaster) then it could lead to a huge disaster.
One of the common areas that lead to cyclone effect is the roof sheeting. There are several factors that lead to this condition that are as follows:
At certain situation during the occurrence of cyclones, the top part of the rafters could disappear leaving the bottom part its place. This is due to the holes that are drilled horizontally through the rafters in order to hold down the straps.
The components that get damaged after roof sheeting will be the windows and the doors. According to BCA, areas that are prone to cyclone effect should avoid their building windows constructed with the glass. Other than glass, bolts, latches and hinges also takes place.
The walls with the ring beams and columns could be safe during the attack of cyclones. On the other hand, it is insufficient to use the Cantilevered parapets that may lead to a high risk.
The performance of the building due to the cyclones could be determined by the building design and shape. The best design could be made out of simple, compact and symmetrical shapes. On knowing this we could say that the square plan works well when compared to the rectangle. Since a square building could allow the propagation of wind through the entire building. But, compared to the L-shaped plan, the rectangle plan serves the best. It is not necessary for the entire building to be designed in the square structure. One should be aware of all the design implications and take necessary decision according to the negative impacts. The best will be square. If we switch on other design then it is necessary to strengthen the corners of the building. This is to withstand the force of the wind. When designing the rectangular layout then the length of the building should not exceed thrice the width of the building.
General Considerations:
The general consideration for a building to resist the cyclones is as follows:
Usage of hip or high pitched gable roof is highly recommended
In this paper the fire safety equipments with their functionality has been studied. The BCA regulations for the proposed building have also been written. The construction of the building in order to withstand cyclones has also been studied.
Beyler, C. (2008). Flammability Limits of Premixed and Diffusion Flames. In P. J. DiNenno et al. (Eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4 ed.). (pp. 2- 194 - 2-210). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
Babrauskas, V. (2008). Heat Release Rates. In P. J. DiNenno et al. (Eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4 ed.). (pp. 3-1 - 3-59). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
BSI (2011). BS 7974:2001 - Application of Fire Safety Engineering Principles to the Design of Buildings - Code of Practice. UK: British Standards Institution.
BSI (2011). PAS 95:2011 Hypoxic Air Fire Prevention Systems: Specification. London, UK: British Standards Institution.
Chiti, S. (2009). Test Methods for Hypoxic Air Fire Prevention Systems and Overall Environmental Impact of Applications. MSc thesis, Modena: University of Modena.
Hu, L.(2017). A review of physics and correlations of pool fire behaviour in wind and future challenges. Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium. 91, pp. 41-55.
Klason, L. -G., Andersson, P., Johansson, N., & van Hees, P. (2011). Design Fires for Fire Protection Engineering of Swedish School Buildings. In Conference Proceedings, Fire and Materials 2011, 12th International Conference and Exhibition (pp. 159-170). 31 January – 2 February, San Francisco, USA. London: Interscience Communications Limited.
Maluk, C.(2017). Motivation, drivers and barriers for a knowledge-based test environment in structural fire safety engineering science. Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium. 91,pp. 103-111.
Nilsson, M. & van Hees, P. (2012). Delrapport SAFE MULTIBYGG AP 1-4 (Report no 3165). Lund: Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University.
Proulx, G. (2008). Evacuation Time. In P. J. DiNenno et al. (Eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (4 ed.). (pp. 3-355 - 3-372). Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
Richards, P. L. E. (2008), Characterising a design fire for a deliberately lit fire scenario, thesis (M.A.), University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
Utne, B., Hokstad, P., & Vatn, J. (2011). A Method for Risk Modeling of Interdependencies in Critical Infrastructures. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 96(6), 671-678, doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2010.12.006.
van Hees, P., Holmstedt, G., Bengtson, S., Hägglund, B., Dittmer, T., Blomqvist, P., Lönnermark, A., (2009). Determination of Uncertainty of Different CFD Codes by Means of Comparison with Experimental Fire Scenarios. London: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference and Exhibition. pp. 403-411
Winter, M., Moore, D. L., Davis, S., & Strauss, G. (2013). At Least 3 Dead, 141 Injured in Boston Marathon Blasts, USA Today, Online, Retrieved April 23, 2013, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/15/ explosions-finish-line-boston-marathon/2085193/.
Xin, Y., & Khan, M. M. (2007). Flammability of Combustible Materials in Reduced Oxygen Environment. Fire Safety Journal, 42(8), 536-547 doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.04.003.
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