Determinant Clinical Outcome Of Uptitration For Congestive Heart Failure

Discuss About The Determinant Clinical Outcome Of Uptitration?

Congestive heart failure mainly refers to the situation when blood moves through the heart as well as the body in a much slower rate resulting in increase of pressure of the heart. Heart becomes unable to pump sufficient amount of oxygen as well as nutrients for meeting the needs of the body. Although the chambers of the heart tries its best to respond to the situations by stretching to hold more blood and pumping through the body or by becoming stiff, the heart muscle walls eventually gets weak and therefore they cannot continue the pumping efficiently. Researchers state four different types of causes that may contribute to the disorders. The first one may be coronary heart diseases where the arteries carry decreased amount of blood to the heart muscles and therefore sufficient oxygen is not delivered (Mozaffarian et al., 2016). A heart attack may be yet another cause where the arteries are blocked suddenly that stops blood flow to the heart and heart muscles get damaged. Cardiomyopathy may be yet another cause where damage of heart muscles takes place due to infections or alcohol use. Other causes that weaken the heart are high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disorders and others. However, the heart disorder in the patient is mainly due to sinus bradycardia that had taken place due to inferior wall myocardial infarction. She already had suffered from myocardial infarction in the past and her heart muscles were already damaged due to lack of oxygen supply (January et al., 2014). Her forgetting to take medications might have resulted in occurrence of the disorders. Therefore, the risk factors of these disorders are high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, diabetes, and certain medications. Sleep apnea, congenital heart defects, viruses, alcohol and tobacco use and many others. However, no such information is present in case of the patients. Therefore, the risk factors for the patient may be her presence of high blood pressure as seen in the case study as well as coronary disorders and sinus bradycardia. Patients who suffer from congestive heart failure have to maintain a highly restricted and disciplined life that might affect them mentally (Lictman et al., 2014) . They often are seen to be anxious about their health condition and gradually become depressed. They might not be able to conduct many activities that they used to conduct earlier as the activities may put pressures on their heart. All such obstruction in lives may make the patient feel sad and de-motivated. Caregivers and family members may also get emotionally affected to see their patients suffer and may remain concerned, tensed and fearful of the situations aggravating in any cases (Ford et al., 2015). They also may be physically tired of taking care of the patients and heavy financial flow of medications, healthcare costs and caregiver fees may may makes them tensed and depressed.

One of the most important symptoms of the disorder is congested lungs. Actually, fluid backup in the lungs contribute to the occurrence of shortness of breath which results in difficulty in breathing. Lung congestion also leads to the occurrence of dry cough development or even wheezing. Another symptom is fluid and water retention. Less amount of blood flows to the kidney that in turn results in swollen, ankles, legs as well as abdomen called the occurrence of edema (Sin et al., 2015). The same phenomena results to the third symptom that increases the need to urinate at night. The third symptom is loss of appetite and feeling of nausea by the patient. This symptom mainly occurs due to the buildup of fluid around the liver and gut and these interferes with digestion. As result of these, loss of appetite and nausea often accompanies such patients. The fourth symptom is the occurrence of dizziness, fatigue and weakness. The main reason for the occurrence of the disorder is less flow of blood to the major organs as well as the muscles. These make the patient feel tired and weak. Very little flow of the blood to the brain can result in occurrence of dizziness as well as confusion among the patients. The fifth symptom is the occurrence of rapid as well as irregular heartbeats. The heartbeats are mainly seen to beat at a faster rate in order to pump more blood to the body. This results in occurrence of situations that causes rapid heartbeat. In case of the patient also, all the symptoms had been visible which helped in confirming to the disorder by the healthcare professional. The patient in the case study had shortness of breath that mainly resulted from fluid backup in lungs causing shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. She also had swollen ankles that might be the result of fluid retention in her body (Sin, Yaffet & Whooley, 2015). She is also suffering from dizziness, fatigue and weakness due to restricted flow of blood to major organs like brain. Irregular heartbeats are also present. She also had nausea that may be due to fluid accumulation surrounding her gut region that is affecting her digestion. Such symptoms help in identification of the disorder.

Risk Factors Associated with Congestive Heart Failure

Beta-blockers are one of the classes of drugs that are used to control various types of symptoms of heart failures. Some of the conditions of heart failures are made worse by certain hormones called catecholamine. The body of human beings is seen to release these hormones as a part of symptoms of heart failures. Therefore, researchers are of the opinion that beta-blockers are indeed helpful for effectively treating heart failures. These classes of drugs mainly help by controlling the heart rate in ways that allows the left ventricle to fill more completely. Researchers have also stated that these medications also help in opening as well as widening the blood vessels of the body (Cadrin et al., 2017). This class of drug is therefore useful for the patients who have certain form of hear failures along with high blood sugar level. In case of the patient in the case study, it is see that the patient is also suffering from high blood pressure and therefore this class of drug would be highly helpful for the patient. Carvediol, metoprolol as well as bisoprolol are some of the beta-blockers that are already proven helpful for patients with randomized controlled trial (Alabed et al, 2016). This class of medications helps in slowing down the progression of systolic forms of heart failure. They are helpful in treating the systolic dysfunction but may be also helpful to treat diastolic heart failures as well. Beta-blockers mainly reduce the detrimental effects of catecholamine stimulation on myocardium that is harmful largely.

Angiotensinogen-converting enzyme called the ACE inhibitors is another class of enzymnes that are very important in managing heart failures. These mainly help in relaxing of the blood vessels as well as lowering of the blood pressure resulting in improvement of blood flow. The heart becomes successful in pumping more blood to the rest of the body without working harder. Such class of drug mainly helps in blocking the activity of angiotensin in blood that is responsible for narrowing the blood vessels of the heart. This makes the blood vessels narrow and thereby makes it widen (Ouwerekerk et al., 2017). This helps in lowering of the blood pressure and makes it easier for the heart to pump blood. They also help to releases salt and water which also decreases the pressure of blood. Some of the examples of these classes of drugs are enalapril, ramipril, quinapril, captopril and lisinipril.

In most of the cases of the patients, it has been witnessed that journey of the patients in case of acute heart failure mainly starts with occurrence of shortness of breath that increases over period. This remains associated with edema, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight change and nausea. People take professional help when their self-care resources are seen to fail miserably (Mebaza et al., 2015). Therefore, recent researches show that healthcare teams should provide more importance to optimizing better patient outcome by setting focus on the in-patient admission, faster diagnosis of the acute as well as decompensated failure of heart, in patient management of care in a proper healthcare environment followed by planned discharge. However, nursing care interventions that would be taken on long-term management of the disorders need to be considered secondary in the emergency and nurses should primarily provide more importance to the patient in making the patient come out of emergency (Coffey et al., 2017). On arrival to the emergency, prompt recognition of the condition of the patient from the symptoms are extremely necessary. Proper management and transfer of the patient to the proper environment is necessary for the alleviating both the physical and emotional symptoms of breathlessness and thereby optimizing outcomes. Acute heart failure triage nurses are extremely important in the emergency centers. A nurse practitioner can conduct the initial patient triage if triage nurse is not present. She should be eliciting the patient history and then assess the severity of the clinical status. Following this, the patient should be referred to the relevant team and thereby the nurse can actively participate in completing the key role by helping the multidisciplinary team to distinguish the cause of breathlessness and thereby initiating prompt symptom to relieving therapy. The nurse practitioners of the emergency department usually have an expanded skill set that enables them to perform proper clinical examination and therefore identify proper signs of congestions thereby referring to electrocardiogram (ECG), Chest X-ray, sonograms and heart scan are done (Feltner et al., 2014). This is then followed by enabling prompt transfer to appropriate level of care. In short, the activities would be rapid triage to appropriate environment for safe clinical care like general medical ward, coronary care unit and cardiology ward. Objective monitoring for different modifications and changes in signs and symptoms of the patient would help her to know if the patient is responsive to the interventions like medical administrations given to her in emergency conditions. Proper monitoring from time to time should be conducted after immediate interventions of medicines. This would assess the objective measurement of dyspnoea severity, hemodynamic status, heart rhythm, cardiac output and others (Rai et al., 2017). Moreover, clinical examinations for signs of congestion from time to time, analyzing the laboratory blood tests and management of the anxiety levels of the patients are important. Following this, when results are satisfactory, nurses can shift them to further treatment in the rehabilitation ward.

Effects of Congestive Heart Failure on Patients and Caregivers

References:

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