Energy Democracies And The Public In The Making: Revisiting The Limits To Growth After Peak Oil

Discuss about the Energy Democracies And The Public In The Making.

Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil

It is almost five decades when there arises a fierce debate about the desirability and feasibility of the future economic growth. The most popular imagination was captured as a case study known as the "Limits to Growth" and is still is a topic of discussion among individuals and organizations and also a part of the curriculum of the student to grab complete knowledge regarding that scenario. According to the case, many people believe that the end of the world is near due to the fast speed of economic loss and said that the world had entered the "era of limits."

The task of tackling the environment and economy of the world is quite challenging. The team involved in the task hunted for food, population, industrialization, pollution and the use of resources. After modeling the data from the 1970's, a complete scenario is generated for more than hundred years depending upon that whether humans have considered the issue of environment and resource seriously. If they do not want, then the model will come to an end before the completing century (Brisbois and Plamondon, 2018). The key learning of the study while undertaking the project into commission is:

• Gain vision into the world's limitation and the impacts it has caused on the humans and their actions.
• Identification of the elements that are quite dominating and their cooperation that controls the behavior of the world.

Defenders of peak oil quarrel that the future projections of the oil are estimated higher than the usual and the supply of oil will be restricted because of the limited resources which are a reason of significant concern (Hall and Klitgaard, 2018, p.280).

In Australia, the issue of oil burden has achieved a considerable political constriction. The following are some Australian projections to deal with the limitation of growth.

• Australia has started production of commercial crude oil to a large extent to deal with the oil crisis. The country has made itself capable of dealing with the problem by expanding the production of crude oil more than its demand.
• The country has introduced many projects of gas to decrease the country's dependency on oil. The production of gas has limited the oil demand to a level to which the country is capable of managing it (Troussard and van, 2018, p. 11).
• The gas as a fuel is used in the Australian transport. This has reduced the pressure of emission of harmful gases and saved the environment from danger. Transport in Australia accounts for around fourteen percent of the greenhouse emissions of Australia.
• According to the study, it is found that in the coming years Australia will reduce its dependency on oil and other petroleum products from eighty percent to twenty percent (Dobreva and Minkov, 2018, P. 135).
• The petroleum production and exploration association of Australia, i.e., APPEA is historically a significant exporter of oil, petroleum, and gas. This situation has come to reverse in the last few years due to the decrease in the production of domestic crude oil and constant rise in its prices (Kolhoff et al.,2018, p. 105).
• The seriousness of this effect will remain in the country and keep the prices of oil at a high level for many years.

In Western Australia, Environmental Impact Assessment is undertaken by EPA. The proposals that are referred to in the process falls under the Environmental protection Act Part IV. EIA process recommended a step by step guide to obtaining the approval of the project that needs EIA (Lawania, and Biswas, 2018, p. 220).

The recommendations of the process are as follows:

• New Administrative procedures: The first step and the key recommendation is to boost the clarity and certainty of the EIA process. This has been done to update the EIA process. The new Administrative procedures are updated by EIA to set the targeted timelines. The new procedures introduce many changes to the already built act. Until the new administrative procedures are getting finalized, the old procedures will continue to apply until they get updated (Berthon et al., 2018, p. 160).
• Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines: The second step and the major recommendations are related to the absence of timelines in the process of EIA. At present, the EPA is working on developing the process of Environmental Assessment guideline on the EIA proposals timeline. Along with other critical issues the instruction consists of the targeted timelines for each recommendation in the two new stages of the EIA process. The primary objective is to reduce the uncertainty of the project, reduction in the related costs and to assist in resisting delays (Chilvers et al., 2018, p.198).
• Reduced level of assessment: The other important recommendation of the process is to make it simpler. The idea is to reduce the five steps into two. The first stage will include the proposals that can be checked by the EPA without the requirement of public review. The second level includes the proposals that warrant the public review. The EPA required publishing a guideline on the new stages of assessment (Harris et al., 2018, p. 110).
• Setting outcome-based conditions: The most impressive recommendation was to move towards conditions that are based on the output in the approval of final ministry. Each condition is required to describe the outcome of the environment and to work on the steps that how to achieve the outcome that is proposed. The movement towards outcome-based conditions from the perspective conditions helps the proponents to be more creative to ensure the protection of the environment.
• The risk-based approach to EIA: The review of EIA specifies that the approach that is based on risk will improve the EIA process.

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a method which is used to check different aspects such as the causes of environmental disturbance on the health of human, the health of nature and also the risk associated with it and also the presence of changes in particular projects (Pope et al., 2018, p. 42). In today's world, modern society has contributed extensive growth to the world's economy. Manufacturing and production industries have created significant and extensive accommodation amenities for the vast population. This introduction has cost a lot more to the environment. Thus, to analyze the environment's current situation and to measure the impact of the changes done to the environment, the use of Environmental Impact Assessment is needed to deal with such situations (Santos et al., 2018, p. 80).

Steps of EIA

Proposal: Every projected is started after specifying its objectives and goals. However, when there is any major project when there is a need for government actions, higher expenditure is needed for projects such as public work development, work of public lands which require management and development of plans and also the need of permits for its insurance and development (Larsen et al, 2018, p. 48)

Exclusion: Every government sector requires the elimination of actions from the work process of judicial, legislative and administration. For example: When there is the maintenance of roadways.

Assessment of the environment: Every project before its start needs to be checked for its impact on the environment. An in-depth research an examination to reduce the impact of noise and other factors is essential.

Draft EIS: There is a need for proper documentation detailing about the significant impacts on the environment.

Comment: Comment from all the parties and departments that are affected by the environment change because of the start of the project are required in the form of written or public hearing.

Decisions and its record: After getting consent from all after declaring the possible changes to the environment, the final decision is made which is based on the law of agency. The record of the decision is maintained for future references.

In the modern environment where continuous changes are being made in the environment due to the development of different projects, EIA is mostly accepted regarding the decision of making tools that are associated with the process and its results. EIA is a policy of information and is not a regulatory law of pollution. It causes many problems when the EIA develops a negative impact (Vahid-Pakdel et al., 2018, p. 401).

Key problems of EIA project

To define the problems of EIA here is an example of two countries Turkey and Ethiopia and how they implement the solution (Chilvers and Pallett, 2018, p. 14).

To develop EIA system in the country, various approaches are considered such as:

Enormous sources are available to enable the suitable guideline for EIA procedures. All of these guidelines are accepted for the suitability of the environment. Except this, the significant source is the already present policy of environment of Ethiopia. Different procedures in the project's implementation and various issues are associated in all the sectors. The most important thing is that all these issues are connected to each other. Because of the limited experience of the Ethiopian EIA system, there is a need for experience and comments and suggestions are required from stakeholders as their EIA system is at the primary level.

Pitfalls of EIA

Many questions have been raised such as what should be the stage of the project cycle? What type of EIA system is installed? What is the need of participation by the public in a particular project etc.?

This solution helps in developing an experienced EIA procedure in Ethiopia.

Different suggestions are introduced, and proper guidelines are made to balance the adverse effects of the estimated project. The project must be more accessible and cost beneficial, and some modifications can be done if required. The project will pass all the guidelines and is not rejected by any government body. This specific checklist is given for an efficient EIA system (Shumway et al., 2018, p. 120).

EIA system has come up with the following problems in Turkey

The ministry of environment in Turkey is inexperienced and has no expertise in carrying out the responsibilities. Because of lacking skills, the Ministry of the environment is not capable of handling the project analysis and its impact on the environment.

Solutions to improve the EIA project in Turkey

Channelizing knowledge: They require putting knowledge in a sequence for an effective decision making.

Development of Potential: The need for developing the potential to achieve the set objectives of any particular project is required. Experts in Turkey need to make suitable developments in this field.

Establishment of Communication: Every project lacks communication which needs to be taken care of. Proper and regular communication is required at every development step of the project.

Decentralization of the responsibilities of EIA: Turkey is very big, and there is a need to decentralize the responsibilities of every member who is a part of the project. This will help in efficiently executing the task (Meex et al., 2018, p. 230).

The world is facing many challenges for the environmental health. The pressure on the environment is continuously increasing and many times resulted in conflicts and competing demands that cannot always be fulfilled (Davidson et al., 2018, p. 15). Environmental Offsets are greeted and accepted to protect the environment and development of Western Australia. These Environmental Offsets are mainly referred to the actions that are not a part of any development site that refunds for the crunch of development. The primary objective of this question is to identify that how the new concept of Environmental Offset is working in EIA as a useful tool.

• The work of Offsets is to ensure that the environment is safe as far as possible. In some projects the stress on the environment from the project cannot be avoided, it is the work of Offsets to reduce or minimize the impact through other methods of mitigation.
• Offsets are recognized as a useful tool for the cost-effective approach and more flexibility to the development to achieve more environmental benefits.
• Offsets help in the improvement of social licensing, increase their ability to work on the project, increase goodwill which may not be possible otherwise.

• A sequence or mitigation hierarchy should apply. After conducting the reasonable attempts, the environmental offsets can be used.
• There should be a set aim for achieving environmental objectives that can be achieved by using a combination of direct offsets and contributing offsets.
• Environmental offsets are made for better environment condition.

• Mitigation sequence: When a project is considered for the environment approval, the regulators of EIA require the defender to adhere to the sequence of mitigation which avoids, minimize, rectify, reduce and then go with utilizing the offsets. The EPA also advised that if the project is not admissible without offsets, then it is also not considered with offsets. Developers also not use offsets to allow unnecessarily bumps that can be easily avoided.
• Net environmental gain: In Western Australia, it is the opinion of EPA that environmental offsets work towards achieving the benefit to the environment. They are utilized to remove harmful emissions from the environment to free it from destructive elements (Zhao et al., 2018, p. 308).
• The concept of like for like: The main aim of this concept is to ensure that environmental offsets work for balancing the emission impact.

Plastic waste is a major problem for almost all the countries of the world. The UK, US, China, Russia etc are making several efforts to tackle the situation. According to research, around twenty-five million tonnes of plastic waste is collected in the UK every year from which only thirty percent of the total plastic waste is collected for recycling. Plastic pollution has hit the public awareness to a large extent (Willis et al., 2018 p.245). The government, global citizens and businesses of the different countries of the world such as America, Japan etc are working on this issue and developing the ways to tackle it in an efficient manner. 

Problems of Environmental impact association

The UK has generated a big plan to eliminate plastic waste and aims to set the "global gold standard" on terminating the plastic waste from the country. The UK strategise many ways to reduce the amount of plastic waste and to make the environment clean and greener for humans and all the living species. The country plans to improve:

• Improve the plastic packaging's recyclability
• Decrease single-use plastics
• To reduce the loss aquatic life at the sea
• By decreasing the use of oxo-degradable plastic

The United Kingdom's strategies to tackle plastic waste of the country by working on the following:

• Banning Microbeads: The country initially worked by banning the microbeads or the use of micro-plastic that is present in toothpaste, face scrub, body wash etc. These micro-plastics are so tiny and profuse that they can be easily drained in just a single wash. All this plastic waste is going to collect in the rivers, seas and oceans and affect the aquatic life and also the environment (Coppola et al.,2018 p.201).
• Plastic-free aisles in the supermarket: The country has made amendments in the packaging of food. New rules were formed to free the use of plastic in food packaging and to deliver the food in supermarkets in the loose form. This is a step towards the more friendly environment.
• Extending the 5p Carrier bag tax: the country has made changes and started charging for the carrier bag while shopping in the supermarket. The tax has been extended for larger bags. This helps in reducing much plastic waste as many people started carrying their own bag at shopping.
• Banning cotton buds and straws: The country has banned cotton buds and straws to save the marine environment as the most found plastic items near the oceans are plastic straws.

The UK and other countries have taken many crucial steps to save the environment from getting polluted by plastic waste.

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