Harvard Referencing Style: Essay Rules And Examples.

Discuss about the UGB004 Word Processing and Electronic Communication.

In-text Citations

The reference list contains the details of the source, from which a piece of information has been used in the original academic article. This list allows the readers to reach out to those sources. To enable this access, reference lists needs to contain important information like: Author name, publication year, title, and publication city and used pages.

In the Harvard Referencing style, the references in the reference list should be arranged alphabetically based on the last name of the author. The list should be placed on another page. Citations from multiple works by the same author should be arranged according to their dates. Ideally double pacing should be kept in the list, and should refer to all the in text citations contained in the main article ( My.sunderland.ac.uk 2018; Mendeley.com 2018)

The in text should be provided after quoting or paraphrasing an original source. The in text should contain the last name of author and year.

Example:

Sufficient time should be taken while preparing a good report, and should be checked many times before submitting it (Kahn 2016).

or

Andy (2006) pointed out that of recently many areas in London, that has previously been neglected have now become busy destinations.

For two authors

(Kent and Luthor 2018)

For Three to five authors:

(Kent, Luthor and Harvey 2018)

(Kent, Luther, Iommi and Butler 2018)

(Kent, Luther, Iommi, Butler and Dent 2018)

For Six authors:

(Kent, Luther, Iommi, Butler, Dent and Gillian 2018) on the first in text citation.

(Kent at el. 2018) for subsequent in text citations

For more than six authors:

(Kent et al. 2018)

Reference List

Template:

Surname of Author, Initial of Author. (Publication year). Title. City: Publisher.

Example:

Kahn, J.V. (2016). Research in education. Pearson Education India.

In texting style:

Template:

(Surname of Author Year of publication)

Example:

Effective writing of reports is not easy, and good report should be prepared with adequate time. It is suggestible to revise a report several times before submission to identify any flaws or drawbacks. The report should have a clear and understandable structure and flow of thought. (Kahn 2016).

Rerefence List:

Template:

Surname of Author, Initial of Author. (Publication year). Title. Level. Name of the Institute.

Example:

Andy C., P. (2006). Urban regeneration: from the arts ‘feel good’ factor to the cultural economy. A case study of Hoxton, London. London School of Economics.

In texting style:

Template

(Surname of author Publication year)

Reference List Layout

Example:

Several neglected neighborhoods across London have been converted to active destinations through a magical incorporation of culture. This process is much more than just an incorporation of cultural values or a multi dimensional function, which will be analysed in detail in reference to Vauxhall (Andy  2006).

Reference Style:

Template:

(Surname of Author, Initial of Author. (Year of publication). Title. Title of publication. [online]. Volume number (issue number). P. pages used. Available from: https://url of the website. [Accessed: date of access].

Example:

Masic, I. (2013). The Importance of Proper Citation of References in Biomedical Articles. Acta Informatica Medica. [online] 21 (3). p. 148. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804522/. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

In Texting Style:

Template:

(Surname of Author Publication year)

Example:

In natural and social sciences, Harvard referencing style is the most common method. This system is also known as ‘author-date’ system, and also include other referencing styles like the APA system, which only differs in its usage of punctuation and conjunction. In Harvard in texting, only the basic information like author name and date is provided, while the details are given in the reference list at the end of the literature (Masic 2013).

Reference Style:

Template:

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. Series Number. [Online]. City: Publisher. Available from: https://Website URL. [Accessed: Date Accessed].

Example:

World Health Organization (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. [Online]. Luxembourg: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

In texting style:

Template:

(Author Surname Year Published)

Example:

Worldwide consumption of alcohol in 2010 was found to be at 6.2 litres of pure alcohol per person aged above 15 years, equivalent to 13.5 grams of pure alcohol consumed every day. About 24.8% of the alcohol consumption is not recorded (this include alcohol or alcoholic beverages brewn at home, or manufactured and sold illegally. Approximately 16% of drinkers engage in binge drinking, as per WHO report (World Health Organization 2014)

Reference Style:

Template:

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. Publication Title. [Online]. Available from: https://Website URL. [Accessed: Date Accessed].

Example:

Nelson, C. (2017). New Standards – Discount Price through SCASL. Cathy Jo Nelson's Professional Thoughts- A South Carolina Educator Blog. [Online]. Available from: https://blog.cathyjonelson.com/?p=3975. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

In texting style:

Template:

(Author Surname Year Published)

Example:

Even though books can be expensive, they can be purchased from South Carolina Librarians for a price as low as $99. Librarian Regional Meetings have been slated for January and February, 2018, and is planned by Regina Thurmond from South Carolina Department of Education, Dr Karen Gavigan from the School Library and Information Science of the University of Carolina, and Cathy Jo Nelson, president of South Carolina Association of School Librarians. The meetings will be focused on professional development, and have general session keynotes and breakout sessions on the new standards set by AASL (Nelson 2017)

Books and Printed Material

Reference Style:

Template:

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. Publication Title.  p.p. Pages Used.

Example:

Grannan, C. (2018). What’s the Difference Between Asian and African Elephants?. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp.pp. 1-2.

In texting style:

Template:

(Author Surname Year Published)

Example:

In 2000, scientific studies showed that African Elephants consist of two distinct species, the African Savanna Elephant and the African Forest Elephant. The Savanna Elephants and larger than the Forest Elephants. Even though these two species of elephants are genetically distinct, they still share more genetic similarities with each other, compared to Indian Elephants. Indian Elephants are characterized by smaller ears, while African elephants have larger ear. The large ears are helpful for dissipating the heat, which is important to dissipate the excess heat, inherent of the African climate (Grannan 2018).

Reference Style:

Template:

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. Publication Title. [Online]. p. Pages Used. Available from: https://Website URL. [Accessed: Date Accessed].

Example:

Ryall, J. (2018). As Kim Jong-un stages a purge within his 'unruly' military, could the North Korean leader face a coup threat?. The Telegraph. [Online]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/08/kim-jong-un-stages-purge-within-unruly-military-could-north/. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

In texting style:

Template:

(Author Surname Year Published)

Example:

With the growing public delusion with the new sanctions, the Kim Jong Un Administration might be facing an increasing resentment within the military ranks.  After the purge of the politburo and senior officers in the military, analysts points out, can increase the resistance of the army to the leadership of the country.This shake up in the North Korean administration was reported by the National Intelligence Service of South Korea to its government (Ryall 2018)

Reference Style:

Template:

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. [Online]. Year Published. Available from: https://Website URL. [Accessed: Date Accessed].

Example:

bbc.com (2018). Reporters held 'for investigating killings'. [Online]. 2018. BBC News. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42956176. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

In texting style:

Template:

(Author Surname Year Published)

Example:

Mass execution of Rohingyas in Myanmar lies behind the incident where two journalists were arrested in Myanmar, as per reports from Reuter. The reports also uncovered the killings of 10 more Rohingyas residing in Rakhine since 2017 (bbc.com 2018).

The picture below gives an example of a reference list in the Sunderland University, Harvard style:

Andy C., P. (2006). Urban regeneration: from the arts ‘feel good’ factor to the cultural economy. A case study of Hoxton, London. London School of Economics.

bbc.com (2018). Reporters held 'for investigating killings'. [Online]. 2018. BBC News. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42956176. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

Grannan, C. (2018). What’s the Difference Between Asian and African Elephants?. Encyclopædia Britannica. pp.pp. 1-2.

Kahn, J.V. (2016). Research in education. Pearson Education India.

library.sunderland.ac.uk (2018). Help with referencing. [Online]. 2018. University of Sunderland. Available from: https://library.sunderland.ac.uk/find-resources/referencing/. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

Masic, I. (2013). The Importance of Proper Citation of References in Biomedical Articles. Acta Informatica Medica. [online] 21 (3). p. 148. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804522/. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

Mendeley.com (2018). How to Cite Sources in Harvard Citation Format - Mendeley. [Online]. 2018. Mendeley.com. Available from: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/harvard-citation-guide. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

My.sunderland.ac.uk (2018). Citations and Referencing Guide (Psychology) - Psychology Student Space - My Sunderland. [Online]. 2018. My.sunderland.ac.uk. Available from: https://my.sunderland.ac.uk/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=53805081. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

Nelson, C. (2017). New Standards – Discount Price through SCASL. Cathy Jo Nelson's Professional Thoughts- A South Carolina Educator Blog. [Online]. Available from: https://blog.cathyjonelson.com/?p=3975. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

Ryall, J. (2018). As Kim Jong-un stages a purge within his 'unruly' military, could the North Korean leader face a coup threat?. The Telegraph. [Online]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/08/kim-jong-un-stages-purge-within-unruly-military-could-north/. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].

World Health Organization (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. [Online]. Luxembourg: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1. [Accessed: 8 February 2018].

wp.sunderland.ac.uk (2018). Reference your sources correctly using Cite Them Right – University of Sunderland Library Blog. [Online]. 2018. Wp.sunderland.ac.uk. Available from: https://wp.sunderland.ac.uk/uniofsunlib/2016/10/12/reference-your-sources-correctly-using-cite-them-right/. [Accessed: 9 February 2018].