Biofuels Essay Combats Natural Calamities From Global Warming.

Efficient Fuel

There are diverse categories of energy technologies that are considered for fulling all the sustainable energy goals of our planet, such as biomass energy, which can be converted into biofuel (Baloch et al., 2021). Biofuel is defined as the type of fuel created from biomass energy and derived from plants or animals (Proskurina et al., 2019). 2020 was the second warmest year, and the average temperature of global land and ocean surface temperature is +0.98°C. The Global Average Temperature has increased significantly over the year 10 ten years. There are numerous reasons behind the average global temperature increase, such as the pre-industrial levels and natural variabilities (Riehl, 2022). Throughout 2021, the negative impact of global warming was seen in devastating floods in Australia, Asia, Europe and Australia and dixie fire in California.

According to Campbell et al. (2018), in 2020 United States experienced 22 climate disasters associated with global warming and at least USD 1 billion was spent on each of those. The literature also helped in comprehending that biofuel consumption in Canada is responsible for lowering consumer fuel costs (Advancedbiofuels, 2022). Surplus tax revenues are being generated due to the volumetric taxation of biofuels. 

Figure 1: Calamities due to global warming

(Source: Buis, 2022) 

The entire project is around energy technology such as biofuel, which can help reduce the negative impact of global warming. This project aims to propose the usage of biofuels that can be extracted from organic wastes to minimise the natural calamities caused due to global warming. The project shall aim to have a conservative plan that can help combat the natural calamities that are occurring due to global warming. In this project, data shall be gathered and analysed from 10 climate change scientists from USA and Canada to create a plan of action to track biofuel consumption. The objectives of this project are as follows:

• To increase the thermal units of energy derived from biofuels.
• To compare the consumption of biofuel consumption of the last 5 years.
• To increase the production of biofuels all over the world.
• To achieve net zero emissions by 2050 in Canada. 

Efficient Fuel: Renewable resources are used to produce biofuel, which is less combustible than fossil-based diesel. Better lubricating characteristics are evident in this product's design. When compared to conventional diesel, it emits less dangerous levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is possible to produce biofuels from a broad variety of resources. Using them has a substantially greater total cost-benefit ratio.

Cost-Benefit: When it comes to the price of biofuels, they're currently on par with gasoline. However, the total cost-benefit of employing them outweighs the disadvantages. When burned, these fewer polluting fuels create less by-products. As the need for biofuels rises, the price of these fuels may drop as well (Luque, 2008). According to the RFA (Renewable Fuels Association) February 2019 Ethanol Industry Outlook research, "Ethanol is the highest-octane, lowest-cost motor fuel on the world," the study states. The DOE granted additional money in 2019 for 35 bioenergy R&D initiatives. Reduce the reduction in biofuel prices, for example, to "enable high-value products from biomass or waste resources" and lower biopower production costs. As a result, purchasing biofuels will be less expensive.

Renewable: Fossil fuels, for the most part, will run out in the near future. In nature, the use of biofuels is very efficient due to the abundance of renewable resources, such as animal dung, crop waste (such as maize, switchgrass, soybeans), and other plant waste. These crops may also be replanted repeatedly.

Cost-Benefit

Reduce Greenhouse Gases: Up to 65% of greenhouse gas emissions may be cut by using biofuels. When fossil fuels are used, they send harmful substances into the environment, such as carbon dioxide. Global warming is a consequence of these gases' ability to absorb sunlight and store it as heat. Global warming is also caused by burning coal and oil since they raise temperatures (Jegannathan, 2009). Biofuels are being used by motorists all over the globe as a means of reducing their carbon footprint.

Economic Security: Big oil reserves aren't any given for any nation. Their economy suffers tremendously as a result of needing to import oil. If more people use biofuels, the country's dependence on fossil fuels might be lessened (Savvanidou, 2010). Farming is given a boost because biofuel production boosts the demand for crops that can be used to produce biofuels. In comparison to fossil fuels, using biofuels to power your house, office, or car is less costly. Growing demand for biofuels means more employment for Americans, which is good news for our economy's long-term stability.

Lower Levels of Pollution: Biofuels are less harmful to the environment since they are derived from renewable resources. There are other reasons for promoting biofuel usage, as well. When burnt, they create less carbon dioxide and other pollutants than standard diesel. It also significantly decreases particulate matter emissions (Vassilev, 2015). To grow plants that will be utilized to produce fuel, carbon dioxide may be used as a by-product of biofuel production. A self-sustaining system is possible because of this. In addition, since biofuels are biodegradable, they pose less of a threat to soil and groundwater pollution during handling, storage, or consumption.

High Cost of Production: Although biofuels have many advantages, the present market makes them too costly to manufacture. However, despite low current financing rates and capital investments, they can meet future demand for biofuel (Adeniyi, 2018). Even though boosting the supply will be a long-term effort, it will be costly. A disadvantage like this keeps biofuels from being more widely used.

Monoculture: Instead of growing a variety of crops in a farmer's fields throughout time, monoculture is the practice of growing the same crops year after year. In spite of the fact that this may be financially advantageous for farmers, crop rotation may deplete the soil of nutrients that are replenished by crop rotation.

Use of Fertilizers: For a plant to grow and produce biodiesel, it needs fertilizer. The negative of utilizing fertilizers is that they may impact the surrounding ecosystem and may lead to water contamination (Mosnier, 2013). N and P are found in fertilizers. They may be carried away from the soil to surrounding lakes, rivers, or ponds.

Industrial Pollution: In comparison to other kinds of energy, burning biofuels has a smaller carbon impact. In spite of this, the manufacturing method makes up for it. Water and oil are essential inputs for manufacturing (Alizadeh, 2020). Large-scale biofuel production facilities are well-known for their high emissions and small-scale water contamination. The total carbon emission will not be significantly reduced until more efficient manufacturing methods are used. It also increases NOx emissions.

Renewable

Water Use: Biofuel crops need large amounts of water to be irrigated, which may strain local and regional water supplies if not properly managed. Ethanol made from maize must utilize enormous amounts of water, which might place an unsustainable strain on the area's limited water supply.

Changes in Land Use: There are three ways in which a biofuel feedstock might damage the environment in order to be grown. First and foremost, the destruction of local habitat, animal habitations, and micro-ecosystems results in harm to the region's natural resources and affects their general health (Melillo, 2009). First and foremost, the harm is done through the creation of a carbon debt. When land is converted to agricultural use, it's almost certain that fertilizers will be employed to maximize yields per square foot. Runoff and other agricultural contaminants are causing the situation. A higher carbon debt will be created if more cropland is created, and other mitigation techniques will also harm streams and energy consumed in treatment facilities.

Global Warming: Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of biofuels, which are mostly hydrogen and carbon. Biofuels do emit less greenhouse gases than do fossil fuels, this is true. Even if this works, it won't be able to halt or reverse global warming (Huang, 2013). The use of biofuels may help alleviate some of our energy needs, but they won't solve all of our issues. Short-term substitutes can be used while we invest in more advanced technologies.

Weather Problem: Low-temperature use of biofuel is not recommended. In cold weather, it is more prone to attracting moisture than fossil diesel, which can lead to malfunctions. The engine filters become clogged as a result of the increased microbial growth.   

Aside from being an alternative of diesel fuel, biofuel has many additional applications. Thus, many people assume that the material is exclusively used for transportation purposes. There are a number of ways in which biofuels may be utilized to generate hydrogen and clean up oil spills. For anything from automotive fuel to central heating, biofuels may be a viable option.

Transportation: More over a third of the energy used in the United States is utilized to power vehicles. Transport uses 24% of the world's energy and more than 60% of the world's absorbed crude oil. This implies that more than a third of the oil produced is utilized to power automobiles and other transportation modes (Kudanga, 2014). Solar, wind, and other alternative power sources are impractical for use in transportation as a primary source of propulsion. There is a long way to go before major technological advances may be made in the real world. Biofuel may be converted to hydrogen steam and used in a fuel cell adjacent to it, in a nutshell. Several major automakers have already committed to the construction of biofuel vehicle filling stations.

Energy Generation: Fuel cells can also be used to generate electricity, in addition to the fuel they produce for automobiles and other modes of transport. Using biofuel to power backup systems where emissions are a concern is an option (Callegari, 2020). This includes places like schools, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities that are situated in residential neighborhoods. Over 350,000 homes in the UK will be powered by landfill gas as the country's largest market for biofuel.

Reduce Greenhouse Gases

Provide Heat: In recent years, the use of bioheat has become more widespread. Hydraulic fracturing heat will be the primary source of fossil fuel-produced natural gas in the future. For natural gas, it doesn't have to originate from fossil fuels, but it may also be made from novel materials (Ghadiryanfar, 2016). The amount of biofuel utilized for heating is significant. When it comes to heating, wood is the most practical option. Nitrogen and sulphur dioxide emissions will be reduced by using a biodiesel mix.

Charging Electronics: Saint Luis University scientists claim that cooking oil and sugar have been used to create an energy-generating fuel cell that will be available to the general public. Charging devices like laptops and smartphones using fuel cells might be the future (Darzins, 2010). Even at the earliest stages of development, cells have the capacity to provide energy.

Clean Oil Spills and Grease: Environmentally friendly biofuel may also be used to clean up oil spills and greasy residue. If crude oil polluted the water, it has been explored as a possible cleaning agent (da Silva, 2012). Recoverable zones have also been discovered to be widened, and it is now possible to extract this material from water. Using biofuel as an industrial solvent for metal cleaning has the added benefit of causing no hazardous side effects.

Cooking: Biodiesel is a fantastic alternative to kerosene for stoves and non-wick lights.

Remove paint and adhesive: Biofuel may be used to substitute toxic paint and adhesive removers. Non-critical applications may be removed using biofuel. Biofuel is the best way to do this.

Create energy when fossil fuel runs out: There will be a decrease in the amount of oil available in the future. So, we've begun to ponder how we might get gasoline without causing harm to the planet. Sustainable energy production may be made possible via the use of biofuels.

Reduce cost and need for imported oil: More than 84% of all global petroleum is consumed in the United States. However, since 2006, the US has seen a decrease in the amount of fuel it consumes (Rosentrater, 2016). This means that biofuels can take the lead in reducing energy consumption. Experts predict that switching to biofuel in the event of an oil shortage will help keep the economy steady. There's no point in worrying about how much the US pays for imported oil when stabilizing the economy comes first.   

The global biofuels market was valued at nearly 110 billion U.S. dollars in 2021, down by some nine percent from the previous year. Despite the drop in 2021, figures are projected to continuously increase until 2030 when the biofuels market is forecast to amount to 201.2 billion U.S. dollars (Alizadeh,2020). The Middle East and Africa is the region expected to see the greatest biofuel market CAGR. Transportation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel are made from biomass. However, these fuels may also be utilized on their own without a mixture of petroleum fuels (Ziolkowska, 2020). Moreover, low-cost decarbonization of transportation, aviation, and freight may be accomplished via the use of sophisticated liquid biofuels derived from biomass waste, waste fats, and oil. 

Economic Security

Biofuels market value in 2020 and 2021, with projections through to 2030.

Rising energy needs, coupled with a growing focus on environmentally friendly clean energy sources, are likely to drive the global demand for biofuels (Li, 2020). As a result of increased government support for environmentally friendly power options, the global biofuels market is expected to grow at a rapid pace during the projection period (Ebadian, 2020). Biofuel production from various crops and plants may lead to a decrease in the availability of food products made from these crops and plants. This raises concerns about food supply and prices. In some regions or countries around the world, this factor will impede the growth of the biofuels market in the predicted time period. The US, China, and Brazil all have large-scale biofuel mix laws. To meet global demand in their individual areas, this group of nations aims to attain a 15% to 27% biofuel mix by 2020. (Dessi, 2022). 

Based on fuel type, the worldwide biofuels market is expected to have a market share of 71.3 percent in 2020. The clean emissions of bioethanol are due to the fact that it is manufactured solely out of biological sources (carbon dioxide, steam, and heat). During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and utilize it to fuel their growth (Lund, 2020). A carbon-neutral fuel is possible because of the manufacturing and combusting of bioethanol. Reduced carbon monoxide emissions from older vehicles can improve air quality. With the ability to mix up to 15% bioethanol into normal gasoline, bioethanol has another big advantage: it doesn't need any engine changes to use this fuel (Ariccio, 2022). Bioethanol may be used in gasoline engines in place of regular gasoline. It's a fuel additive that may be used with gasoline in practically any ratio. Current gasoline engines can operate on up to 15% bioethanol-petroleum mixes.  

Even though biofuel's structure remains constant, the source can change from generation to generation. Due to its dependence on agricultural resources like starch and sugar as well as animal fat and vegetable oil, first-generation biofuel has a negative impact on food production (Medlin, 2015). When planted outside of traditional agricultural settings, it has a significant impact on both our food supply and our carbon footprint because of the high growth rates required. Biodiesel or bioethanol can be produced from the oil extracted from the crops.

Many of the problems connected with first-generation biofuels are addressed by using agricultural and forest leftovers and non-food crops to make biofuels. In response to the major limits of first-generation biofuel production, second-generation solutions have been created (Sims, 2010). Unlike its first-generation ancestor, this class of biofuels may be manufactured utilizing any waste material or inedible section of the plant as feedstock. Food production and landfill waste are reduced as a result of this. Studies show that second-generation biofuels are more efficient and ecologically friendlier than first-generation biofuels in the great majority of situations (Weijde, 2013). The same quantity of feedstock may be harvested with less acreage since every part of the plant can be utilised. of the plant. No more competition for food since inedible plants will be utilized to make biofuel instead.

Lower Levels of Pollution

Third-generation biofuels are focused on algae and aquatic biomass-derived sustainable biofuels. Algae-to-biofuel generation may be accomplished in five distinct ways: Organic Farming using Heterotrophic Fermentation Modular Closed Photobioreactor Open Pond System Hybrid System (Singh, 2011).

Specially formulated plants or biomass are used to produce fourth generation biofuels, which have lower barriers to cellulose decomposition or higher yields of biofuels. No need to destroy biomass is also made possible by their ability to be built on unsuitable terrain and water bodies. Hydro-processing is a method of generating it from petroleum (Vertes, 2011). There must be greater environmental benefits than its predecessors, cost-competitiveness, and enough output to have a meaningful impact on energy demand for an alternative fuel to be viable. The amount of energy generated by the feedstock should be greater than the amount of energy required for production. 

Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced via the fermentation of sugars, such as sugarcane and starchy plants like maize, by microorganisms. After that, the ethanol in the mash is separated from the water by a distillation procedure (Qureshi, 2011). To make cellulosic ethanol, cellulose biomass (i.e., grass, maize stover, and wood) must first undergo a procedure to convert the cellulose into sugar.

It is possible to make biodiesel from animal fats or plant oils by transesterifying them using a catalyst such as an alkali, an acid, or an enzyme (Zinoviev, 2010). In order to produce biodiesel and glycerol, transesterification involves a series of procedures that decreases the oil's viscosity and oxygen concentration.

Impurities may be eliminated from syngas generated by gasifying biomass before using this method. Many different fuels and chemicals are produced as a by-product of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Gupta, 2013). It is possible to manufacture a wide range of fuels from the oil and natural gas.

Among the options for generating heat and power are combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Biochemical or thermochemical techniques may be used to convert biomass feedstocks into vehicle fuels in the manufacturing of biofuels (Cheng, 2011). As the industry works toward developing commercial-scale facilities that employ enhanced bioenergy crops, research and innovation in biomass conversion technology continues. Even in a mature fossil fuel industry, bioenergy market share might be difficult to achieve because of the fluctuating nature of market pricing (Alaswad, 2015). As society continues to seek cleaner renewable sources of energy, the renewable energy business is actively investing in research and innovation for new technologies that will give it an edge over the fossil fuel sector. The utilization of renewables, particularly biomass, has already made great progress across the globe. With enough regulatory backing, technical advancements, and ongoing research, biomass will continue to satisfy our energy demands for the current as well as the future generations.

The key tasks and the sub-tasks which are required to address the problem identified are development of the project area, identification of data sources, collection and analysis of data, monitoring the progress of the project, setting deadlines for each phase of the project starting from planning phase to project closure. The sub-tasks required in this project are writing and reviewing the final report after data analysis; a presentation also needs to be created based on the report. After completing these tasks, a complete project based on energy technology such as biofuel, which can help reduce global warming, shall be completed. 

Challenges

The cost associated to each key tasks and subtask associated to this project can be comprehended from the following table.

Tasks	Cost in CAD	Time (in Hours)
Selection of research topic	N/A	48
Selecting aim and objectives	N/A	24
Market research cost	$1000	48
Collection and analysis of data	$2000	360
Evaluating data	$500	120
Writing report	$50	120
Preparing presentation	$50	72
Other expenses like electricity consumption and infrastructure costs	$100	N/A
Total	$3700

Table 1: Cost and time for each activity in this project 

Source: Created by author 

Figure 2: Schedule of the project

Source: Created by author 

Crops used as feedstock for biofuels include a wide range of crops that would otherwise be fed to livestock or utilized for human consumption. More land might be used for agriculture, more pollution would be generated, and food costs would rise if these crops were converted to biofuel (Condon, 2013). It is possible that cellulose feedstocks (land, water, fertilizer) compete for resources that may otherwise be used to grow food. Because of this, some researchers believe that the production of biofuels may lead to a number of unwanted consequences.

This may boost GHG emissions by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to changes in land use patterns. Land cleared for biofuel production in the Amazon rainforest and Southeast Asia, including soybeans and palm oils, produces exceptionally significant GHG emissions (Fargione, 2008). This may contribute to GHG emissions and biodiversity losses even if cellulosic feedstocks are used in the production of crops.

GHGs may also be released during the manufacture and processing of biofuels. Nitrous oxide, a strong greenhouse gas, is released when fertilizer is applied. Fossil fuels are used in the majority of biorefineries (Melillo, 2009). Biofuel GHG emissions may be greater than fossil emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) connected with the production.

If produced for biofuel, food crops like corn and soybeans, which are rich in nutrients, pesticides, and sediment, may pollute waterways with nutrients, pesticides, and sediment (Rosegrant,2008). Aquifers might be depleted as a result of increased irrigation and ethanol refining. Some places' air quality might deteriorate as a result of increased net conventional air pollution caused by biofuels' influence on vehicle emissions and the extra emissions created by biorefineries.

Although estimates in the literature are broad, economic models demonstrate that the usage of biofuels may lead to increased agricultural prices. According to a 2013 research, maize prices are expected to rise by 5 to 53% in 2015 as a result of biofuels. As a consequence of the use of biofuels, the price of maize rose between 2007 and 2009. (National Research Council, 2011). It was shown in a working paper by the National Center for Environmental Economics (NCEE) that the long-term price of maize rose by an average of 2 to 3 percent for every billion gallons of additional ethanol produced from corn. A rise in crop prices leads to an increase in food costs, although the effect on U.S. retail food prices is projected to be minimal (NRC 2011). In underdeveloped nations, rising agricultural prices may contribute to greater rates of malnutrition.

Conclusion

Biofuels are an important part of solving the global energy dilemma, and efforts are continuing to establish a balance between cost and sustainability. To overcome some of the issues that first-generation biofuels experienced, such as competing with food crops, newer technologies have developed second-generation biofuels. They have now been adopted by a number of businesses in Singapore and throughout the world, reducing expenses and minimizing their ecological footprints. However, plant-based fuels take up a lot of room and time to produce. The demand for these biofuels may also surpass our capacity to create them, which would be a problem. Third and fourth generation biofuels have received more attention since they are believed to be the finest biofuels because they do not use crops as a source of energy.

A few microorganisms that can directly and effectively convert sunlight into energy, such as algae, will be used instead. In comparison to previous generations, these next-generation biofuels have been demonstrated in studies to offer stronger output and environmental advantages. Microalgae, for example, only need a tiny area of arable land and may accumulate a significant quantity of lipid due to their high photosynthetic rate. The fourth generation of biofuel, on the other hand, experiments with microorganisms to test the boundaries of nature. However, despite encouraging environmental findings, neither generation has yet to be thoroughly tested on a widespread scale. In order to make these biofuels financially feasible and ecologically beneficial, the largest difficulty is to discover a means to do it. The energy landscape will be transformed if these challenges can be overcome. Furthermore, the home production of a nearly similar form of gasoline or diesel might have a significant impact on global commerce. Experts continue to put their time and money into developing commercially viable next-generation biofuels, and whoever does so will not only profit but also leave their mark on history.

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